Clang misinterprets the placement of test_kprobes_addresses and 
test_kprobes_functions arrays when they are not explicitly assigned 
to a data section. This can lead to kmalloc_array() allocation 
errors and KUnit failures.

When testing the Clang-compiled code in QEMU, this warning was emitted:

WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 3000 at mm/page_alloc.c:5159 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0xe6/0x2fc mm/page_alloc.c:5159

Further investigation revealed that the test_kprobes_addresses array
appeared to have over 100,000 elements, including invalid addresses;
whereas, according to test-kprobes-asm.S, test_kprobes_addresses
should only have 25 elements.

When compiling the kernel with GCC, the kernel boots correctly.

This patch fixes the issue by adding .section .rodata to explicitly 
place arrays in the read-only data segment.

For detailed debug and analysis, see:
https://github.com/j1akai/temp/blob/main/20251113/readme.md

Signed-off-by: Jiakai Xu <xujiakai2025@iscas.ac.cn>
Signed-off-by: Jiakai Xu <jiakaiPeanut@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/738dd4e2.ff73.19a7cd7b4d5.Coremail.xujiakai2025@iscas.ac.cn
Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/168308

v1 -> v2：
- Drop changes to .align, and .globl.

---
 arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
index b951d0f12482..f16deee9e091 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_bnez)
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
 
+.section .rodata
 SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr1
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr2
@@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
 	RISCV_PTR 0
 SYM_DATA_END(test_kprobes_addresses)
 
+.section .rodata
 SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_functions)
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add
 	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_jal
-- 
2.34.1

Hi Jiakai Xu,

thanks for updating this patch -

On Fri, 26 Dec 2025, Jiakai Xu wrote:

> Clang misinterprets the placement of test_kprobes_addresses and 
> test_kprobes_functions arrays when they are not explicitly assigned 
> to a data section. This can lead to kmalloc_array() allocation 
> errors and KUnit failures.
> 
> When testing the Clang-compiled code in QEMU, this warning was emitted:
> 
> WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 3000 at mm/page_alloc.c:5159 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0xe6/0x2fc mm/page_alloc.c:5159
> 
> Further investigation revealed that the test_kprobes_addresses array
> appeared to have over 100,000 elements, including invalid addresses;
> whereas, according to test-kprobes-asm.S, test_kprobes_addresses
> should only have 25 elements.
> 
> When compiling the kernel with GCC, the kernel boots correctly.
> 
> This patch fixes the issue by adding .section .rodata to explicitly 
> place arrays in the read-only data segment.
> 
> For detailed debug and analysis, see:
> https://github.com/j1akai/temp/blob/main/20251113/readme.md
> 
> Signed-off-by: Jiakai Xu <xujiakai2025@iscas.ac.cn>
> Signed-off-by: Jiakai Xu <jiakaiPeanut@gmail.com>
> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/738dd4e2.ff73.19a7cd7b4d5.Coremail.xujiakai2025@iscas.ac.cn
> Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/168308
> 
> v1 -> v2：
> - Drop changes to .align, and .globl.

This should go below the --- line (or above the Signed-off-by:, Link: 
lines).  There shouldn't be anything between the Signed-off-by:, Link: 
trailers and the ---.

I've fixed this up locally, and queued for v6.19-rc.

> 
> ---
>  arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S | 2 ++
>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
> index b951d0f12482..f16deee9e091 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/tests/kprobes/test-kprobes-asm.S
> @@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(test_kprobes_c_bnez)
>  
>  #endif /* CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C */
>  
> +.section .rodata
>  SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
>  	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr1
>  	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add_addr2
> @@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_addresses)
>  	RISCV_PTR 0
>  SYM_DATA_END(test_kprobes_addresses)
>  
> +.section .rodata
>  SYM_DATA_START(test_kprobes_functions)
>  	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_add
>  	RISCV_PTR test_kprobes_jal
> -- 
> 2.34.1
> 
> 
> _______________________________________________
> linux-riscv mailing list
> linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org
> http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-riscv
> 

Hi Paul,

Thanks for for fixing the formatting.

Best regards,
Jiakai