[PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management

Ben Horgan posted 33 patches 3 months ago
There is a newer version of this series
[PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management
Posted by Ben Horgan 3 months ago
From: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>

Bandwidth counters need to run continuously to correctly reflect the
bandwidth.

Save the counter state when the hardware is reset due to CPU hotplug.
Add struct mbwu_state to track the bandwidth counter. Support for
tracking overflow with the same structure will be added in a
subsequent commit.

Cc: Zeng Heng <zengheng4@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com>
---
Changes since v3:
Drop tags
Fix correction accounting
Split out overflow checking
---
 drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c  | 126 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h |  21 +++++-
 2 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
index 86abbac5e1ad..2d1cef824b8e 100644
--- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
+++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
@@ -994,6 +994,7 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
 	struct mon_read *m = arg;
 	struct mon_cfg *ctx = m->ctx;
 	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = m->ris;
+	struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
 	struct mpam_props *rprops = &ris->props;
 	struct mpam_msc *msc = m->ris->vmsc->msc;
 	u32 mon_sel, ctl_val, flt_val, cur_ctl, cur_flt;
@@ -1024,11 +1025,21 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
 		now = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CSU);
 		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_csu_hw_nrdy, rprops))
 			nrdy = now & MSMON___NRDY;
+		now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
 		break;
 	case mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu:
 		now = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU);
 		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu_hw_nrdy, rprops))
 			nrdy = now & MSMON___NRDY;
+		now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
+
+		if (nrdy)
+			break;
+
+		mbwu_state = &ris->mbwu_state[ctx->mon];
+
+		/* Include bandwidth consumed before the last hardware reset */
+		now += mbwu_state->correction;
 		break;
 	default:
 		m->err = -EINVAL;
@@ -1041,7 +1052,6 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
 	*m->val += now;
 }
 
@@ -1239,6 +1249,67 @@ static void mpam_reprogram_ris_partid(struct mpam_msc_ris *ris, u16 partid,
 	mutex_unlock(&msc->part_sel_lock);
 }
 
+/* Call with msc cfg_lock held */
+static int mpam_restore_mbwu_state(void *_ris)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct mon_read mwbu_arg;
+	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = _ris;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ris->props.num_mbwu_mon; i++) {
+		if (ris->mbwu_state[i].enabled) {
+			mwbu_arg.ris = ris;
+			mwbu_arg.ctx = &ris->mbwu_state[i].cfg;
+			mwbu_arg.type = mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu;
+
+			__ris_msmon_read(&mwbu_arg);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Call with MSC cfg_lock held */
+static int mpam_save_mbwu_state(void *arg)
+{
+	int i;
+	u64 val;
+	struct mon_cfg *cfg;
+	u32 cur_flt, cur_ctl, mon_sel;
+	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = arg;
+	struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
+	struct mpam_msc *msc = ris->vmsc->msc;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ris->props.num_mbwu_mon; i++) {
+		mbwu_state = &ris->mbwu_state[i];
+		cfg = &mbwu_state->cfg;
+
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)))
+			return -EIO;
+
+		mon_sel = FIELD_PREP(MSMON_CFG_MON_SEL_MON_SEL, i) |
+			  FIELD_PREP(MSMON_CFG_MON_SEL_RIS, ris->ris_idx);
+		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MON_SEL, mon_sel);
+
+		cur_flt = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_FLT);
+		cur_ctl = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_CTL);
+		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_CTL, 0);
+
+		val = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU);
+		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU, 0);
+
+		cfg->mon = i;
+		cfg->pmg = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_FLT_PMG, cur_flt);
+		cfg->match_pmg = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_CTL_MATCH_PMG, cur_ctl);
+		cfg->partid = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_FLT_PARTID, cur_flt);
+		mbwu_state->correction += val;
+		mbwu_state->enabled = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_CTL_EN, cur_ctl);
+		mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void mpam_init_reset_cfg(struct mpam_config *reset_cfg)
 {
 	*reset_cfg = (struct mpam_config) {
@@ -1310,6 +1381,9 @@ static void mpam_reset_msc(struct mpam_msc *msc, bool online)
 		 * for non-zero partid may be lost while the CPUs are offline.
 		 */
 		ris->in_reset_state = online;
+
+		if (mpam_is_enabled() && !online)
+			mpam_touch_msc(msc, &mpam_save_mbwu_state, ris);
 	}
 	mutex_unlock(&msc->cfg_lock);
 }
@@ -1364,6 +1438,9 @@ static void mpam_reprogram_msc(struct mpam_msc *msc)
 			mpam_touch_msc(msc, __write_config, &arg);
 		}
 		ris->in_reset_state = reset;
+
+		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu, &ris->props))
+			mpam_touch_msc(msc, &mpam_restore_mbwu_state, ris);
 	}
 	mutex_unlock(&msc->cfg_lock);
 }
@@ -2117,7 +2194,22 @@ static void mpam_unregister_irqs(void)
 
 static void __destroy_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
 {
+	struct mpam_msc *msc;
+	struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
+	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris;
+
+	lockdep_assert_held(&mpam_list_lock);
+
 	add_to_garbage(comp->cfg);
+	list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list) {
+		msc = vmsc->msc;
+
+		if (mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)) {
+			list_for_each_entry(ris, &vmsc->ris, vmsc_list)
+				add_to_garbage(ris->mbwu_state);
+			mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 static void mpam_reset_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
@@ -2141,6 +2233,8 @@ static void mpam_reset_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
 
 static int __allocate_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
 {
+	struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
+
 	mpam_assert_partid_sizes_fixed();
 
 	if (comp->cfg)
@@ -2158,6 +2252,36 @@ static int __allocate_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
 
 	mpam_reset_component_cfg(comp);
 
+	list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list) {
+		struct mpam_msc *msc;
+		struct mpam_msc_ris *ris;
+		struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
+
+		if (!vmsc->props.num_mbwu_mon)
+			continue;
+
+		msc = vmsc->msc;
+		list_for_each_entry(ris, &vmsc->ris, vmsc_list) {
+			if (!ris->props.num_mbwu_mon)
+				continue;
+
+			mbwu_state = kcalloc(ris->props.num_mbwu_mon,
+					     sizeof(*ris->mbwu_state),
+					     GFP_KERNEL);
+			if (!mbwu_state) {
+				__destroy_component_cfg(comp);
+				return -ENOMEM;
+			}
+
+			init_garbage(&mbwu_state[0].garbage);
+
+			if (mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)) {
+				ris->mbwu_state = mbwu_state;
+				mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
index d8f8e29987e0..1f2b04b7703e 100644
--- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
+++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
@@ -91,7 +91,10 @@ struct mpam_msc {
 	 */
 	struct mutex		part_sel_lock;
 
-	/* cfg_lock protects the msc configuration. */
+	/*
+	 * cfg_lock protects the msc configuration and guards against mbwu_state
+	 * and save and restore racing.
+	 */
 	struct mutex		cfg_lock;
 
 	/*
@@ -200,6 +203,19 @@ struct mon_cfg {
 	enum mon_filter_options opts;
 };
 
+/* Changes to msmon_mbwu_state are protected by the msc's mon_sel_lock. */
+struct msmon_mbwu_state {
+	bool		enabled;
+	struct mon_cfg	cfg;
+
+	/*
+	 * The value to add to the new reading to account for power management.
+	 */
+	u64		correction;
+
+	struct mpam_garbage	garbage;
+};
+
 struct mpam_class {
 	/* mpam_components in this class */
 	struct list_head	components;
@@ -293,6 +309,9 @@ struct mpam_msc_ris {
 	/* parent: */
 	struct mpam_vmsc	*vmsc;
 
+	/* msmon mbwu configuration is preserved over reset */
+	struct msmon_mbwu_state	*mbwu_state;
+
 	struct mpam_garbage	garbage;
 };
 
-- 
2.43.0
Re: [PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management
Posted by Jonathan Cameron 3 months ago
On Fri, 7 Nov 2025 12:34:44 +0000
Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com> wrote:

> From: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> 
> Bandwidth counters need to run continuously to correctly reflect the
> bandwidth.
> 
> Save the counter state when the hardware is reset due to CPU hotplug.
> Add struct mbwu_state to track the bandwidth counter. Support for
> tracking overflow with the same structure will be added in a
> subsequent commit.
> 
> Cc: Zeng Heng <zengheng4@huawei.com>
> Signed-off-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com>

One trivial below.
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <jonathan.cameron@huawei.com>

>  
> diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> index d8f8e29987e0..1f2b04b7703e 100644
> --- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> +++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> @@ -91,7 +91,10 @@ struct mpam_msc {
>  	 */
>  	struct mutex		part_sel_lock;
>  
> -	/* cfg_lock protects the msc configuration. */
> +	/*
> +	 * cfg_lock protects the msc configuration and guards against mbwu_state
> +	 * and save and restore racing.

Stray "and" that isn't needed on this second line.

> +	 */
>  	struct mutex		cfg_lock;
>
Re: [PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management
Posted by Zeng Heng 3 months ago

On 2025/11/7 20:34, Ben Horgan wrote:
> From: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> 
> Bandwidth counters need to run continuously to correctly reflect the
> bandwidth.
> 
> Save the counter state when the hardware is reset due to CPU hotplug.
> Add struct mbwu_state to track the bandwidth counter. Support for
> tracking overflow with the same structure will be added in a
> subsequent commit.
> 
> Cc: Zeng Heng <zengheng4@huawei.com>
> Signed-off-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com>
> ---
> Changes since v3:
> Drop tags
> Fix correction accounting
> Split out overflow checking
> ---
>   drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c  | 126 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>   drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h |  21 +++++-
>   2 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
> index 86abbac5e1ad..2d1cef824b8e 100644
> --- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
> +++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
> @@ -994,6 +994,7 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
>   	struct mon_read *m = arg;
>   	struct mon_cfg *ctx = m->ctx;
>   	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = m->ris;
> +	struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
>   	struct mpam_props *rprops = &ris->props;
>   	struct mpam_msc *msc = m->ris->vmsc->msc;
>   	u32 mon_sel, ctl_val, flt_val, cur_ctl, cur_flt;
> @@ -1024,11 +1025,21 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
>   		now = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CSU);
>   		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_csu_hw_nrdy, rprops))
>   			nrdy = now & MSMON___NRDY;
> +		now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
>   		break;
>   	case mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu:
>   		now = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU);
>   		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu_hw_nrdy, rprops))
>   			nrdy = now & MSMON___NRDY;
> +		now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
> +
> +		if (nrdy)
> +			break;
> +
> +		mbwu_state = &ris->mbwu_state[ctx->mon];
> +
> +		/* Include bandwidth consumed before the last hardware reset */
> +		now += mbwu_state->correction;
>   		break;
>   	default:
>   		m->err = -EINVAL;
> @@ -1041,7 +1052,6 @@ static void __ris_msmon_read(void *arg)
>   		return;
>   	}
>   
> -	now = FIELD_GET(MSMON___VALUE, now);
>   	*m->val += now;
>   }
>   
> @@ -1239,6 +1249,67 @@ static void mpam_reprogram_ris_partid(struct mpam_msc_ris *ris, u16 partid,
>   	mutex_unlock(&msc->part_sel_lock);
>   }
>   
> +/* Call with msc cfg_lock held */
> +static int mpam_restore_mbwu_state(void *_ris)
> +{
> +	int i;
> +	struct mon_read mwbu_arg;
> +	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = _ris;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < ris->props.num_mbwu_mon; i++) {
> +		if (ris->mbwu_state[i].enabled) {
> +			mwbu_arg.ris = ris;
> +			mwbu_arg.ctx = &ris->mbwu_state[i].cfg;
> +			mwbu_arg.type = mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu;
> +
> +			__ris_msmon_read(&mwbu_arg);
> +		}
> +	}
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +/* Call with MSC cfg_lock held */
> +static int mpam_save_mbwu_state(void *arg)
> +{
> +	int i;
> +	u64 val;
> +	struct mon_cfg *cfg;
> +	u32 cur_flt, cur_ctl, mon_sel;
> +	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris = arg;
> +	struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
> +	struct mpam_msc *msc = ris->vmsc->msc;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < ris->props.num_mbwu_mon; i++) {
> +		mbwu_state = &ris->mbwu_state[i];
> +		cfg = &mbwu_state->cfg;
> +
> +		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)))
> +			return -EIO;
> +
> +		mon_sel = FIELD_PREP(MSMON_CFG_MON_SEL_MON_SEL, i) |
> +			  FIELD_PREP(MSMON_CFG_MON_SEL_RIS, ris->ris_idx);
> +		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MON_SEL, mon_sel);
> +
> +		cur_flt = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_FLT);
> +		cur_ctl = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_CTL);
> +		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, CFG_MBWU_CTL, 0);
> +
> +		val = mpam_read_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU);
> +		mpam_write_monsel_reg(msc, MBWU, 0);
> +
> +		cfg->mon = i;
> +		cfg->pmg = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_FLT_PMG, cur_flt);
> +		cfg->match_pmg = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_CTL_MATCH_PMG, cur_ctl);
> +		cfg->partid = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_FLT_PARTID, cur_flt);
> +		mbwu_state->correction += val;
> +		mbwu_state->enabled = FIELD_GET(MSMON_CFG_x_CTL_EN, cur_ctl);
> +		mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
> +	}
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
>   static void mpam_init_reset_cfg(struct mpam_config *reset_cfg)
>   {
>   	*reset_cfg = (struct mpam_config) {
> @@ -1310,6 +1381,9 @@ static void mpam_reset_msc(struct mpam_msc *msc, bool online)
>   		 * for non-zero partid may be lost while the CPUs are offline.
>   		 */
>   		ris->in_reset_state = online;
> +
> +		if (mpam_is_enabled() && !online)
> +			mpam_touch_msc(msc, &mpam_save_mbwu_state, ris);
>   	}
>   	mutex_unlock(&msc->cfg_lock);
>   }
> @@ -1364,6 +1438,9 @@ static void mpam_reprogram_msc(struct mpam_msc *msc)
>   			mpam_touch_msc(msc, __write_config, &arg);
>   		}
>   		ris->in_reset_state = reset;
> +
> +		if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu, &ris->props))
> +			mpam_touch_msc(msc, &mpam_restore_mbwu_state, ris);
>   	}
>   	mutex_unlock(&msc->cfg_lock);
>   }
> @@ -2117,7 +2194,22 @@ static void mpam_unregister_irqs(void)
>   
>   static void __destroy_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
>   {
> +	struct mpam_msc *msc;
> +	struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
> +	struct mpam_msc_ris *ris;
> +
> +	lockdep_assert_held(&mpam_list_lock);
> +
>   	add_to_garbage(comp->cfg);
> +	list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list) {
> +		msc = vmsc->msc;
> +
> +		if (mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)) {
> +			list_for_each_entry(ris, &vmsc->ris, vmsc_list)
> +				add_to_garbage(ris->mbwu_state);
> +			mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
> +		}
> +	}
>   }
>   
>   static void mpam_reset_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
> @@ -2141,6 +2233,8 @@ static void mpam_reset_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
>   
>   static int __allocate_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
>   {
> +	struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
> +
>   	mpam_assert_partid_sizes_fixed();
>   
>   	if (comp->cfg)
> @@ -2158,6 +2252,36 @@ static int __allocate_component_cfg(struct mpam_component *comp)
>   
>   	mpam_reset_component_cfg(comp);
>   
> +	list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list) {
> +		struct mpam_msc *msc;
> +		struct mpam_msc_ris *ris;
> +		struct msmon_mbwu_state *mbwu_state;
> +
> +		if (!vmsc->props.num_mbwu_mon)
> +			continue;
> +
> +		msc = vmsc->msc;
> +		list_for_each_entry(ris, &vmsc->ris, vmsc_list) {
> +			if (!ris->props.num_mbwu_mon)
> +				continue;
> +
> +			mbwu_state = kcalloc(ris->props.num_mbwu_mon,
> +					     sizeof(*ris->mbwu_state),
> +					     GFP_KERNEL);
> +			if (!mbwu_state) {
> +				__destroy_component_cfg(comp);
> +				return -ENOMEM;
> +			}
> +
> +			init_garbage(&mbwu_state[0].garbage);
> +
> +			if (mpam_mon_sel_lock(msc)) {
> +				ris->mbwu_state = mbwu_state;
> +				mpam_mon_sel_unlock(msc);
> +			}
> +		}
> +	}
> +
>   	return 0;
>   }
>   
> diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> index d8f8e29987e0..1f2b04b7703e 100644
> --- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> +++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
> @@ -91,7 +91,10 @@ struct mpam_msc {
>   	 */
>   	struct mutex		part_sel_lock;
>   
> -	/* cfg_lock protects the msc configuration. */
> +	/*
> +	 * cfg_lock protects the msc configuration and guards against mbwu_state
> +	 * and save and restore racing.
> +	 */
>   	struct mutex		cfg_lock;
>   
>   	/*
> @@ -200,6 +203,19 @@ struct mon_cfg {
>   	enum mon_filter_options opts;
>   };
>   
> +/* Changes to msmon_mbwu_state are protected by the msc's mon_sel_lock. */
> +struct msmon_mbwu_state {
> +	bool		enabled;
> +	struct mon_cfg	cfg;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The value to add to the new reading to account for power management.
> +	 */
> +	u64		correction;
> +
> +	struct mpam_garbage	garbage;
> +};
> +
>   struct mpam_class {
>   	/* mpam_components in this class */
>   	struct list_head	components;
> @@ -293,6 +309,9 @@ struct mpam_msc_ris {
>   	/* parent: */
>   	struct mpam_vmsc	*vmsc;
>   
> +	/* msmon mbwu configuration is preserved over reset */
> +	struct msmon_mbwu_state	*mbwu_state;
> +
>   	struct mpam_garbage	garbage;
>   };
>   

Reviewed-by: Zeng Heng <zengheng4@huawei.com>
Re: [PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for power management
Posted by Gavin Shan 3 months ago
On 11/7/25 10:34 PM, Ben Horgan wrote:
> From: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> 
> Bandwidth counters need to run continuously to correctly reflect the
> bandwidth.
> 
> Save the counter state when the hardware is reset due to CPU hotplug.
> Add struct mbwu_state to track the bandwidth counter. Support for
> tracking overflow with the same structure will be added in a
> subsequent commit.
> 
> Cc: Zeng Heng <zengheng4@huawei.com>
> Signed-off-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Ben Horgan <ben.horgan@arm.com>
> ---
> Changes since v3:
> Drop tags
> Fix correction accounting
> Split out overflow checking
> ---
>   drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c  | 126 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>   drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h |  21 +++++-
>   2 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> 

Reviewed-by: Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>