It is necessary to refer to a specific performance domain from a
userspace. For example, the energy model of a particular performance
domain is updated.

To this end, assign a unique ID to each performance domain to address it,
and manage them in a global linked list to look up a specific one by
matching ID. IDA is used for ID assignment, and the mutex is used to
protect the global list from concurrent access.

Note that the mutex (em_pd_list_mutex) is not supposed to hold while
holding em_pd_mutex to avoid ABBA deadlock.

Signed-off-by: Changwoo Min <changwoo@igalia.com>
---
 include/linux/energy_model.h |  4 ++++
 kernel/power/energy_model.c  | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/energy_model.h b/include/linux/energy_model.h
index 61d50571ad88..43aa6153dc57 100644
--- a/include/linux/energy_model.h
+++ b/include/linux/energy_model.h
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ struct em_perf_table {
 /**
  * struct em_perf_domain - Performance domain
  * @em_table:		Pointer to the runtime modifiable em_perf_table
+ * @node:		node in	em_pd_list (in energy_model.c)
+ * @id:			A unique ID number for each performance domain
  * @nr_perf_states:	Number of performance states
  * @min_perf_state:	Minimum allowed Performance State index
  * @max_perf_state:	Maximum allowed Performance State index
@@ -71,6 +73,8 @@ struct em_perf_table {
  */
 struct em_perf_domain {
 	struct em_perf_table __rcu *em_table;
+	struct list_head node;
+	int id;
 	int nr_perf_states;
 	int min_perf_state;
 	int max_perf_state;
diff --git a/kernel/power/energy_model.c b/kernel/power/energy_model.c
index 5f17d2e8e954..2047b546ad11 100644
--- a/kernel/power/energy_model.c
+++ b/kernel/power/energy_model.c
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@
  */
 static DEFINE_MUTEX(em_pd_mutex);
 
+/*
+ * Manage performance domains with IDs. One can iterate the performance domains
+ * through the list and pick one with their associated ID. The mutex serializes
+ * the list access. When holding em_pd_list_mutex, em_pd_mutex should not be
+ * taken to avoid potential deadlock.
+ */
+static DEFINE_IDA(em_pd_ida);
+static LIST_HEAD(em_pd_list);
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(em_pd_list_mutex);
+
 static void em_cpufreq_update_efficiencies(struct device *dev,
 					   struct em_perf_state *table);
 static void em_check_capacity_update(void);
@@ -396,7 +406,7 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
 	struct em_perf_table *em_table;
 	struct em_perf_domain *pd;
 	struct device *cpu_dev;
-	int cpu, ret, num_cpus;
+	int cpu, ret, num_cpus, id;
 
 	if (_is_cpu_device(dev)) {
 		num_cpus = cpumask_weight(cpus);
@@ -420,6 +430,13 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
 
 	pd->nr_perf_states = nr_states;
 
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pd->node);
+
+	id = ida_alloc(&em_pd_ida, GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (id < 0)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	pd->id = id;
+
 	em_table = em_table_alloc(pd);
 	if (!em_table)
 		goto free_pd;
@@ -444,6 +461,7 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
 	kfree(em_table);
 free_pd:
 	kfree(pd);
+	ida_free(&em_pd_ida, id);
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
@@ -660,6 +678,10 @@ int em_dev_register_pd_no_update(struct device *dev, unsigned int nr_states,
 unlock:
 	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_mutex);
 
+	mutex_lock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
+	list_add_tail(&dev->em_pd->node, &em_pd_list);
+	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
+
 	return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(em_dev_register_pd_no_update);
@@ -678,6 +700,10 @@ void em_dev_unregister_perf_domain(struct device *dev)
 	if (_is_cpu_device(dev))
 		return;
 
+	mutex_lock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
+	list_del_init(&dev->em_pd->node);
+	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
+
 	/*
 	 * The mutex separates all register/unregister requests and protects
 	 * from potential clean-up/setup issues in the debugfs directories.
@@ -689,6 +715,8 @@ void em_dev_unregister_perf_domain(struct device *dev)
 	em_table_free(rcu_dereference_protected(dev->em_pd->em_table,
 						lockdep_is_held(&em_pd_mutex)));
 
+	ida_free(&em_pd_ida, dev->em_pd->id);
+
 	kfree(dev->em_pd);
 	dev->em_pd = NULL;
 	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_mutex);
-- 
2.51.0

On 10/14/25 01:10, Changwoo Min wrote:
> It is necessary to refer to a specific performance domain from a
> userspace. For example, the energy model of a particular performance
> domain is updated.
> 
> To this end, assign a unique ID to each performance domain to address it,
> and manage them in a global linked list to look up a specific one by
> matching ID. IDA is used for ID assignment, and the mutex is used to
> protect the global list from concurrent access.
> 
> Note that the mutex (em_pd_list_mutex) is not supposed to hold while
> holding em_pd_mutex to avoid ABBA deadlock.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Changwoo Min <changwoo@igalia.com>
> ---
>   include/linux/energy_model.h |  4 ++++
>   kernel/power/energy_model.c  | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>   2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/include/linux/energy_model.h b/include/linux/energy_model.h
> index 61d50571ad88..43aa6153dc57 100644
> --- a/include/linux/energy_model.h
> +++ b/include/linux/energy_model.h
> @@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ struct em_perf_table {
>   /**
>    * struct em_perf_domain - Performance domain
>    * @em_table:		Pointer to the runtime modifiable em_perf_table
> + * @node:		node in	em_pd_list (in energy_model.c)
> + * @id:			A unique ID number for each performance domain
>    * @nr_perf_states:	Number of performance states
>    * @min_perf_state:	Minimum allowed Performance State index
>    * @max_perf_state:	Maximum allowed Performance State index
> @@ -71,6 +73,8 @@ struct em_perf_table {
>    */
>   struct em_perf_domain {
>   	struct em_perf_table __rcu *em_table;
> +	struct list_head node;
> +	int id;
>   	int nr_perf_states;
>   	int min_perf_state;
>   	int max_perf_state;
> diff --git a/kernel/power/energy_model.c b/kernel/power/energy_model.c
> index 5f17d2e8e954..2047b546ad11 100644
> --- a/kernel/power/energy_model.c
> +++ b/kernel/power/energy_model.c
> @@ -23,6 +23,16 @@
>    */
>   static DEFINE_MUTEX(em_pd_mutex);
>   
> +/*
> + * Manage performance domains with IDs. One can iterate the performance domains
> + * through the list and pick one with their associated ID. The mutex serializes
> + * the list access. When holding em_pd_list_mutex, em_pd_mutex should not be
> + * taken to avoid potential deadlock.
> + */
> +static DEFINE_IDA(em_pd_ida);
> +static LIST_HEAD(em_pd_list);
> +static DEFINE_MUTEX(em_pd_list_mutex);
> +
>   static void em_cpufreq_update_efficiencies(struct device *dev,
>   					   struct em_perf_state *table);
>   static void em_check_capacity_update(void);
> @@ -396,7 +406,7 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
>   	struct em_perf_table *em_table;
>   	struct em_perf_domain *pd;
>   	struct device *cpu_dev;
> -	int cpu, ret, num_cpus;
> +	int cpu, ret, num_cpus, id;
>   
>   	if (_is_cpu_device(dev)) {
>   		num_cpus = cpumask_weight(cpus);
> @@ -420,6 +430,13 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
>   
>   	pd->nr_perf_states = nr_states;
>   
> +	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pd->node);
> +
> +	id = ida_alloc(&em_pd_ida, GFP_KERNEL);
> +	if (id < 0)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +	pd->id = id;
> +
>   	em_table = em_table_alloc(pd);
>   	if (!em_table)
>   		goto free_pd;
> @@ -444,6 +461,7 @@ static int em_create_pd(struct device *dev, int nr_states,
>   	kfree(em_table);
>   free_pd:
>   	kfree(pd);
> +	ida_free(&em_pd_ida, id);
>   	return -EINVAL;
>   }
>   
> @@ -660,6 +678,10 @@ int em_dev_register_pd_no_update(struct device *dev, unsigned int nr_states,
>   unlock:
>   	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_mutex);
>   
> +	mutex_lock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
> +	list_add_tail(&dev->em_pd->node, &em_pd_list);
> +	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
> +
>   	return ret;
>   }
>   EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(em_dev_register_pd_no_update);
> @@ -678,6 +700,10 @@ void em_dev_unregister_perf_domain(struct device *dev)
>   	if (_is_cpu_device(dev))
>   		return;
>   
> +	mutex_lock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
> +	list_del_init(&dev->em_pd->node);
> +	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_list_mutex);
> +
>   	/*
>   	 * The mutex separates all register/unregister requests and protects
>   	 * from potential clean-up/setup issues in the debugfs directories.
> @@ -689,6 +715,8 @@ void em_dev_unregister_perf_domain(struct device *dev)
>   	em_table_free(rcu_dereference_protected(dev->em_pd->em_table,
>   						lockdep_is_held(&em_pd_mutex)));
>   
> +	ida_free(&em_pd_ida, dev->em_pd->id);
> +
>   	kfree(dev->em_pd);
>   	dev->em_pd = NULL;
>   	mutex_unlock(&em_pd_mutex);

LGTM,

Reviewed-by: Lukasz Luba <lukasz.luba@arm.com>