This ensures that, if a VCPU has "observed" that an IO registration has
occurred, the instruction currently being trapped or emulated will also
observe the IO registration.

At the same time, enforce that kvm_get_bus() is used only on the
update side, ensuring that a long-term reference cannot be obtained by
an SRCU reader.

Signed-off-by: Keir Fraser <keirf@google.com>
---
 arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c   |  7 +++++++
 include/linux/kvm_host.h | 10 +++++++---
 virt/kvm/kvm_main.c      | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
index aa157fe5b7b3..2d3c8cb4f860 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
@@ -5785,6 +5785,13 @@ static int handle_invalid_guest_state(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 		if (kvm_test_request(KVM_REQ_EVENT, vcpu))
 			return 1;
 
+		/*
+		 * Ensure that any updates to kvm->buses[] observed by the
+		 * previous instruction (emulated or otherwise) are also
+		 * visible to the instruction we are about to emulate.
+		 */
+		smp_rmb();
+
 		if (!kvm_emulate_instruction(vcpu, 0))
 			return 0;
 
diff --git a/include/linux/kvm_host.h b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
index 15656b7fba6c..e7d6111cf254 100644
--- a/include/linux/kvm_host.h
+++ b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
@@ -966,11 +966,15 @@ static inline bool kvm_dirty_log_manual_protect_and_init_set(struct kvm *kvm)
 	return !!(kvm->manual_dirty_log_protect & KVM_DIRTY_LOG_INITIALLY_SET);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Get a bus reference under the update-side lock. No long-term SRCU reader
+ * references are permitted, to avoid stale reads vs concurrent IO
+ * registrations.
+ */
 static inline struct kvm_io_bus *kvm_get_bus(struct kvm *kvm, enum kvm_bus idx)
 {
-	return srcu_dereference_check(kvm->buses[idx], &kvm->srcu,
-				      lockdep_is_held(&kvm->slots_lock) ||
-				      !refcount_read(&kvm->users_count));
+	return rcu_dereference_protected(kvm->buses[idx],
+					 lockdep_is_held(&kvm->slots_lock));
 }
 
 static inline struct kvm_vcpu *kvm_get_vcpu(struct kvm *kvm, int i)
diff --git a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
index 6c07dd423458..4f35ae23ee5a 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
+++ b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
@@ -1103,6 +1103,15 @@ void __weak kvm_arch_create_vm_debugfs(struct kvm *kvm)
 {
 }
 
+/* Called only on cleanup and destruction paths when there are no users. */
+static inline struct kvm_io_bus *kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(struct kvm *kvm,
+							     enum kvm_bus idx)
+{
+	return rcu_dereference_protected(kvm->buses[idx],
+					 !refcount_read(&kvm->users_count));
+}
+
+
 static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm(unsigned long type, const char *fdname)
 {
 	struct kvm *kvm = kvm_arch_alloc_vm();
@@ -1228,7 +1237,7 @@ static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm(unsigned long type, const char *fdname)
 out_err_no_arch_destroy_vm:
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!refcount_dec_and_test(&kvm->users_count));
 	for (i = 0; i < KVM_NR_BUSES; i++)
-		kfree(kvm_get_bus(kvm, i));
+		kfree(kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(kvm, i));
 	kvm_free_irq_routing(kvm);
 out_err_no_irq_routing:
 	cleanup_srcu_struct(&kvm->irq_srcu);
@@ -1276,7 +1285,7 @@ static void kvm_destroy_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
 
 	kvm_free_irq_routing(kvm);
 	for (i = 0; i < KVM_NR_BUSES; i++) {
-		struct kvm_io_bus *bus = kvm_get_bus(kvm, i);
+		struct kvm_io_bus *bus = kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(kvm, i);
 
 		if (bus)
 			kvm_io_bus_destroy(bus);
@@ -5843,6 +5852,18 @@ static int __kvm_io_bus_write(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_io_bus *bus,
 	return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 }
 
+static struct kvm_io_bus *kvm_get_bus_srcu(struct kvm *kvm, enum kvm_bus idx)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Ensure that any updates to kvm_buses[] observed by the previous VCPU
+	 * machine instruction are also visible to the VCPU machine instruction
+	 * that triggered this call.
+	 */
+	smp_mb__after_srcu_read_lock();
+
+	return srcu_dereference(kvm->buses[idx], &kvm->srcu);
+}
+
 int kvm_io_bus_write(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, enum kvm_bus bus_idx, gpa_t addr,
 		     int len, const void *val)
 {
@@ -5855,7 +5876,7 @@ int kvm_io_bus_write(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, enum kvm_bus bus_idx, gpa_t addr,
 		.len = len,
 	};
 
-	bus = srcu_dereference(vcpu->kvm->buses[bus_idx], &vcpu->kvm->srcu);
+	bus = kvm_get_bus_srcu(vcpu->kvm, bus_idx);
 	if (!bus)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	r = __kvm_io_bus_write(vcpu, bus, &range, val);
@@ -5874,7 +5895,7 @@ int kvm_io_bus_write_cookie(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, enum kvm_bus bus_idx,
 		.len = len,
 	};
 
-	bus = srcu_dereference(vcpu->kvm->buses[bus_idx], &vcpu->kvm->srcu);
+	bus = kvm_get_bus_srcu(vcpu->kvm, bus_idx);
 	if (!bus)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -5924,7 +5945,7 @@ int kvm_io_bus_read(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, enum kvm_bus bus_idx, gpa_t addr,
 		.len = len,
 	};
 
-	bus = srcu_dereference(vcpu->kvm->buses[bus_idx], &vcpu->kvm->srcu);
+	bus = kvm_get_bus_srcu(vcpu->kvm, bus_idx);
 	if (!bus)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	r = __kvm_io_bus_read(vcpu, bus, &range, val);
@@ -6033,7 +6054,7 @@ struct kvm_io_device *kvm_io_bus_get_dev(struct kvm *kvm, enum kvm_bus bus_idx,
 
 	srcu_idx = srcu_read_lock(&kvm->srcu);
 
-	bus = srcu_dereference(kvm->buses[bus_idx], &kvm->srcu);
+	bus = kvm_get_bus_srcu(kvm, bus_idx);
 	if (!bus)
 		goto out_unlock;
 
-- 
2.51.0.rc1.193.gad69d77794-goog

On Tue, Aug 19, 2025, Keir Fraser wrote:
> This ensures that, if a VCPU has "observed" that an IO registration has
> occurred, the instruction currently being trapped or emulated will also
> observe the IO registration.
> 
> At the same time, enforce that kvm_get_bus() is used only on the
> update side, ensuring that a long-term reference cannot be obtained by
> an SRCU reader.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Keir Fraser <keirf@google.com>
> ---
>  arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c   |  7 +++++++
>  include/linux/kvm_host.h | 10 +++++++---
>  virt/kvm/kvm_main.c      | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
>  3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
> index aa157fe5b7b3..2d3c8cb4f860 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c
> @@ -5785,6 +5785,13 @@ static int handle_invalid_guest_state(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
>  		if (kvm_test_request(KVM_REQ_EVENT, vcpu))
>  			return 1;
>  
> +		/*
> +		 * Ensure that any updates to kvm->buses[] observed by the
> +		 * previous instruction (emulated or otherwise) are also
> +		 * visible to the instruction we are about to emulate.

Please avoid pronouns, e.g.

		 * visible to the instruction KVM is about to emulate.

> +		 */
> +		smp_rmb();

...

>  static inline struct kvm_vcpu *kvm_get_vcpu(struct kvm *kvm, int i)
> diff --git a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> index 6c07dd423458..4f35ae23ee5a 100644
> --- a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> +++ b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> @@ -1103,6 +1103,15 @@ void __weak kvm_arch_create_vm_debugfs(struct kvm *kvm)
>  {
>  }
>  
> +/* Called only on cleanup and destruction paths when there are no users. */
> +static inline struct kvm_io_bus *kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(struct kvm *kvm,
> +							     enum kvm_bus idx)
> +{
> +	return rcu_dereference_protected(kvm->buses[idx],
> +					 !refcount_read(&kvm->users_count));
> +}
> +

Extra newline.

> +
>  static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm(unsigned long type, const char *fdname)
>  {
>  	struct kvm *kvm = kvm_arch_alloc_vm();
> @@ -1228,7 +1237,7 @@ static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm(unsigned long type, const char *fdname)
>  out_err_no_arch_destroy_vm:
>  	WARN_ON_ONCE(!refcount_dec_and_test(&kvm->users_count));
>  	for (i = 0; i < KVM_NR_BUSES; i++)
> -		kfree(kvm_get_bus(kvm, i));
> +		kfree(kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(kvm, i));
>  	kvm_free_irq_routing(kvm);
>  out_err_no_irq_routing:
>  	cleanup_srcu_struct(&kvm->irq_srcu);
> @@ -1276,7 +1285,7 @@ static void kvm_destroy_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
>  
>  	kvm_free_irq_routing(kvm);
>  	for (i = 0; i < KVM_NR_BUSES; i++) {
> -		struct kvm_io_bus *bus = kvm_get_bus(kvm, i);
> +		struct kvm_io_bus *bus = kvm_get_bus_for_destruction(kvm, i);
>  
>  		if (bus)
>  			kvm_io_bus_destroy(bus);
> @@ -5843,6 +5852,18 @@ static int __kvm_io_bus_write(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_io_bus *bus,
>  	return -EOPNOTSUPP;
>  }
>  
> +static struct kvm_io_bus *kvm_get_bus_srcu(struct kvm *kvm, enum kvm_bus idx)
> +{
> +	/*
> +	 * Ensure that any updates to kvm_buses[] observed by the previous VCPU

s/VCPU/vCPU to match KVM's preferred/typical style.

> +	 * machine instruction are also visible to the VCPU machine instruction
> +	 * that triggered this call.
> +	 */
> +	smp_mb__after_srcu_read_lock();
> +
> +	return srcu_dereference(kvm->buses[idx], &kvm->srcu);
> +}