From: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
Currently, bpf_dispatcher_*_func() is marked with `__nocfi` therefore
calling BPF programs from this interface doesn't cause CFI warnings.
When BPF programs are called directly from C: from BPF helpers or
struct_ops, CFI warnings are generated.
Implement proper CFI prologues for the BPF programs and callbacks and
drop __nocfi for arm64. Fix the trampoline generation code to emit kCFI
prologue when a struct_ops trampoline is being prepared.
Signed-off-by: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
Signed-off-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
Co-developed-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
Tested-by: Dao Huang <huangdao1@oppo.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
---
arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h | 7 +++++++
arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ab90f0351b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+#ifndef _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
+#define _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
+
+#define __bpfcall
+
+#endif /* _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index 89b1b8c248c6..f4a98c1a1583 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
#include <linux/arm-smccc.h>
#include <linux/bitfield.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/cfi.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/memory.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
@@ -166,6 +167,12 @@ static inline void emit_bti(u32 insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
emit(insn, ctx);
}
+static inline void emit_kcfi(u32 hash, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
+{
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG))
+ emit(hash, ctx);
+}
+
/*
* Kernel addresses in the vmalloc space use at most 48 bits, and the
* remaining bits are guaranteed to be 0x1. So we can compose the address
@@ -476,7 +483,6 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
const bool is_main_prog = !bpf_is_subprog(prog);
const u8 fp = bpf2a64[BPF_REG_FP];
const u8 arena_vm_base = bpf2a64[ARENA_VM_START];
- const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
int cur_offset;
/*
@@ -502,6 +508,9 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
*
*/
+ emit_kcfi(is_main_prog ? cfi_bpf_hash : cfi_bpf_subprog_hash, ctx);
+ const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
+
/* bpf function may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
* 1. bl, attached via freplace to bpf prog via short jump
* 2. br, attached via freplace to bpf prog via long jump
@@ -2055,9 +2064,9 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_int_jit_compile(struct bpf_prog *prog)
jit_data->ro_header = ro_header;
}
- prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image;
+ prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image + cfi_get_offset();
prog->jited = 1;
- prog->jited_len = prog_size;
+ prog->jited_len = prog_size - cfi_get_offset();
if (!prog->is_func || extra_pass) {
int i;
@@ -2426,6 +2435,12 @@ static int prepare_trampoline(struct jit_ctx *ctx, struct bpf_tramp_image *im,
/* return address locates above FP */
retaddr_off = stack_size + 8;
+ if (flags & BPF_TRAMP_F_INDIRECT) {
+ /*
+ * Indirect call for bpf_struct_ops
+ */
+ emit_kcfi(cfi_get_func_hash(func_addr), ctx);
+ }
/* bpf trampoline may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
* 1. bl, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via short jump
* 2. br, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via long jump
@@ -2942,6 +2957,7 @@ void bpf_jit_free(struct bpf_prog *prog)
sizeof(jit_data->header->size));
kfree(jit_data);
}
+ prog->bpf_func -= cfi_get_offset();
hdr = bpf_jit_binary_pack_hdr(prog);
bpf_jit_binary_pack_free(hdr, NULL);
WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_prog_kallsyms_verify_off(prog));
--
2.50.0.727.gbf7dc18ff4-googOn 7/22/2025 4:20 AM, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
> From: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
>
> Currently, bpf_dispatcher_*_func() is marked with `__nocfi` therefore
> calling BPF programs from this interface doesn't cause CFI warnings.
>
> When BPF programs are called directly from C: from BPF helpers or
> struct_ops, CFI warnings are generated.
>
> Implement proper CFI prologues for the BPF programs and callbacks and
> drop __nocfi for arm64. Fix the trampoline generation code to emit kCFI
> prologue when a struct_ops trampoline is being prepared.
>
> Signed-off-by: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
> Co-developed-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
> Signed-off-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
> Co-developed-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
> Tested-by: Dao Huang <huangdao1@oppo.com>
> Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
> ---
> arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h | 7 +++++++
> arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
> 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..ab90f0351b7a
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
> +#ifndef _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
> +#define _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
> +
> +#define __bpfcall
> +
> +#endif /* _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H */
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
> index 89b1b8c248c6..f4a98c1a1583 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
> @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
> #include <linux/arm-smccc.h>
> #include <linux/bitfield.h>
> #include <linux/bpf.h>
> +#include <linux/cfi.h>
> #include <linux/filter.h>
> #include <linux/memory.h>
> #include <linux/printk.h>
> @@ -166,6 +167,12 @@ static inline void emit_bti(u32 insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
> emit(insn, ctx);
> }
>
> +static inline void emit_kcfi(u32 hash, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
> +{
> + if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG))
> + emit(hash, ctx);
I guess this won't work on big-endian cpus, since arm64 instructions
are always stored in little-endian, but data not.
> +}
> +
> /*
> * Kernel addresses in the vmalloc space use at most 48 bits, and the
> * remaining bits are guaranteed to be 0x1. So we can compose the address
> @@ -476,7 +483,6 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
> const bool is_main_prog = !bpf_is_subprog(prog);
> const u8 fp = bpf2a64[BPF_REG_FP];
> const u8 arena_vm_base = bpf2a64[ARENA_VM_START];
> - const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
> int cur_offset;
>
> /*
> @@ -502,6 +508,9 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
> *
> */
>
> + emit_kcfi(is_main_prog ? cfi_bpf_hash : cfi_bpf_subprog_hash, ctx);
> + const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
move the idx0 definition back to its original position to match the
coding style of the rest of the file?
> +
> /* bpf function may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
> * 1. bl, attached via freplace to bpf prog via short jump
> * 2. br, attached via freplace to bpf prog via long jump
> @@ -2055,9 +2064,9 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_int_jit_compile(struct bpf_prog *prog)
> jit_data->ro_header = ro_header;
> }
>
> - prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image;
> + prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image + cfi_get_offset();
> prog->jited = 1;
> - prog->jited_len = prog_size;
> + prog->jited_len = prog_size - cfi_get_offset();
>
> if (!prog->is_func || extra_pass) {
> int i;
> @@ -2426,6 +2435,12 @@ static int prepare_trampoline(struct jit_ctx *ctx, struct bpf_tramp_image *im,
> /* return address locates above FP */
> retaddr_off = stack_size + 8;
>
> + if (flags & BPF_TRAMP_F_INDIRECT) {
> + /*
> + * Indirect call for bpf_struct_ops
> + */
> + emit_kcfi(cfi_get_func_hash(func_addr), ctx);
> + }
> /* bpf trampoline may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
> * 1. bl, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via short jump
> * 2. br, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via long jump
> @@ -2942,6 +2957,7 @@ void bpf_jit_free(struct bpf_prog *prog)
> sizeof(jit_data->header->size));
> kfree(jit_data);
> }
> + prog->bpf_func -= cfi_get_offset();
> hdr = bpf_jit_binary_pack_hdr(prog);
> bpf_jit_binary_pack_free(hdr, NULL);
> WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_prog_kallsyms_verify_off(prog));
Hi,
On Mon, Jul 21, 2025 at 8:44 PM Xu Kuohai <xukuohai@huaweicloud.com> wrote:
>
> On 7/22/2025 4:20 AM, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
> > +static inline void emit_kcfi(u32 hash, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
> > +{
> > + if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG))
> > + emit(hash, ctx);
>
> I guess this won't work on big-endian cpus, since arm64 instructions
> are always stored in little-endian, but data not.
Nice catch! I'll send a new version with your suggested fix.
> > +}
> > +
> > /*
> > * Kernel addresses in the vmalloc space use at most 48 bits, and the
> > * remaining bits are guaranteed to be 0x1. So we can compose the address
> > @@ -476,7 +483,6 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
> > const bool is_main_prog = !bpf_is_subprog(prog);
> > const u8 fp = bpf2a64[BPF_REG_FP];
> > const u8 arena_vm_base = bpf2a64[ARENA_VM_START];
> > - const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
> > int cur_offset;
> >
> > /*
> > @@ -502,6 +508,9 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
> > *
> > */
> >
> > + emit_kcfi(is_main_prog ? cfi_bpf_hash : cfi_bpf_subprog_hash, ctx);
> > + const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
>
> move the idx0 definition back to its original position to match the
> coding style of the rest of the file?
The const definition needs to happen after emit_kcfi, because we
increment ctx->idx when CFI is enabled.
Sami
On 7/22/2025 11:44 AM, Xu Kuohai wrote:
> On 7/22/2025 4:20 AM, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
>> From: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
>>
>> Currently, bpf_dispatcher_*_func() is marked with `__nocfi` therefore
>> calling BPF programs from this interface doesn't cause CFI warnings.
>>
>> When BPF programs are called directly from C: from BPF helpers or
>> struct_ops, CFI warnings are generated.
>>
>> Implement proper CFI prologues for the BPF programs and callbacks and
>> drop __nocfi for arm64. Fix the trampoline generation code to emit kCFI
>> prologue when a struct_ops trampoline is being prepared.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>
>> Co-developed-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Maxwell Bland <mbland@motorola.com>
>> Co-developed-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
>> Tested-by: Dao Huang <huangdao1@oppo.com>
>> Acked-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
>> ---
>> arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h | 7 +++++++
>> arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
>> 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>> create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
>>
>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..ab90f0351b7a
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cfi.h
>> @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
>> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
>> +#ifndef _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
>> +#define _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H
>> +
>> +#define __bpfcall
>> +
>> +#endif /* _ASM_ARM64_CFI_H */
>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
>> index 89b1b8c248c6..f4a98c1a1583 100644
>> --- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
>> @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
>> #include <linux/arm-smccc.h>
>> #include <linux/bitfield.h>
>> #include <linux/bpf.h>
>> +#include <linux/cfi.h>
>> #include <linux/filter.h>
>> #include <linux/memory.h>
>> #include <linux/printk.h>
>> @@ -166,6 +167,12 @@ static inline void emit_bti(u32 insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
>> emit(insn, ctx);
>> }
>> +static inline void emit_kcfi(u32 hash, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
>> +{
>> + if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG))
>> + emit(hash, ctx);
>
> I guess this won't work on big-endian cpus, since arm64 instructions
> are always stored in little-endian, but data not.
>
There is indeed an issue. I built a big-endian kernel with this patch
and tested it on qemu, a CFI failure is triggered on kernel booting:
CFI failure at kern_sys_bpf+0x2d4/0x4f0 (target: bpf_prog_dc1d7467ed3b3c17___loader.prog+0x0/0x6dc; expected type: 0xd9421881)
Internal error: Oops - CFI: 00000000f2008228 [#1] SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU: 2 UID: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.16.0-rc6-ge72c32d6c27a-dirty #10 NONE
Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
pstate: 80000005 (Nzcv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
pc : kern_sys_bpf+0x2d4/0x4f0
lr : kern_sys_bpf+0x290/0x4f0
sp : ffff8000844e7320
x29: ffff8000844e7390 x28: ffff80008436f000 x27: 1fffe00018268040
x26: ffff8000844e7400 x25: ffff8000844e77c0 x24: 0000000000000030
x23: 1ffff0001089ce68 x22: dfff800000000000 x21: ffff80008455b030
x20: ffff0000c1340200 x19: ffff80008455b000 x18: ffffffff00000000
x17: 00000000d9421881 x16: 00000000811842d9 x15: 0000000000000001
x14: 0000000000000001 x13: ffff0001b5b947f4 x12: 1fffe0001807a001
x11: 0000000000000001 x10: 0000000000000000 x9 : 1ffff000108ab606
x8 : ffff800084979894 x7 : ffff8000805a5ce8 x6 : 0000000000000000
x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 0000000000000000 x3 : 0000000000000010
x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : ffff80008455b048 x0 : ffff0000c1340200
Call trace:
kern_sys_bpf+0x2d4/0x4f0 (P)
load+0x324/0x7a4
do_one_initcall+0x1e8/0x7a0
do_initcall_level+0x180/0x36c
do_initcalls+0x60/0xa4
do_basic_setup+0x9c/0xb0
kernel_init_freeable+0x270/0x390
kernel_init+0x2c/0x1c8
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
Code: 72831031 72bb2851 6b11021f 54000040 (d4304500)
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
Kernel panic - not syncing: Oops - CFI: Fatal exception
SMP: stopping secondary CPUs
Kernel Offset: disabled
CPU features: 0x1000,000800d0,02000800,0400420b
Memory Limit: none
---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: Oops - CFI: Fatal exception ]---
And the failure can be fixed with the following change:
--- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -107,6 +107,14 @@ static inline void emit(const u32 insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
ctx->idx++;
}
+static inline void emit_u32_data(const u32 data, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
+{
+ if (ctx->image != NULL && ctx->write)
+ ctx->image[ctx->idx] = data;
+
+ ctx->idx++;
+}
+
static inline void emit_a64_mov_i(const int is64, const int reg,
const s32 val, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
{
@@ -170,7 +178,7 @@ static inline void emit_bti(u32 insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
static inline void emit_kcfi(u32 hash, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
{
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CFI_CLANG))
- emit(hash, ctx);
+ emit_u32_data(hash, ctx);
}
>> +}
>> +
>> /*
>> * Kernel addresses in the vmalloc space use at most 48 bits, and the
>> * remaining bits are guaranteed to be 0x1. So we can compose the address
>> @@ -476,7 +483,6 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
>> const bool is_main_prog = !bpf_is_subprog(prog);
>> const u8 fp = bpf2a64[BPF_REG_FP];
>> const u8 arena_vm_base = bpf2a64[ARENA_VM_START];
>> - const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
>> int cur_offset;
>> /*
>> @@ -502,6 +508,9 @@ static int build_prologue(struct jit_ctx *ctx, bool ebpf_from_cbpf)
>> *
>> */
>> + emit_kcfi(is_main_prog ? cfi_bpf_hash : cfi_bpf_subprog_hash, ctx);
>> + const int idx0 = ctx->idx;
>
> move the idx0 definition back to its original position to match the
> coding style of the rest of the file?
>
>> +
>> /* bpf function may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
>> * 1. bl, attached via freplace to bpf prog via short jump
>> * 2. br, attached via freplace to bpf prog via long jump
>> @@ -2055,9 +2064,9 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_int_jit_compile(struct bpf_prog *prog)
>> jit_data->ro_header = ro_header;
>> }
>> - prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image;
>> + prog->bpf_func = (void *)ctx.ro_image + cfi_get_offset();
>> prog->jited = 1;
>> - prog->jited_len = prog_size;
>> + prog->jited_len = prog_size - cfi_get_offset();
>> if (!prog->is_func || extra_pass) {
>> int i;
>> @@ -2426,6 +2435,12 @@ static int prepare_trampoline(struct jit_ctx *ctx, struct bpf_tramp_image *im,
>> /* return address locates above FP */
>> retaddr_off = stack_size + 8;
>> + if (flags & BPF_TRAMP_F_INDIRECT) {
>> + /*
>> + * Indirect call for bpf_struct_ops
>> + */
>> + emit_kcfi(cfi_get_func_hash(func_addr), ctx);
>> + }
>> /* bpf trampoline may be invoked by 3 instruction types:
>> * 1. bl, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via short jump
>> * 2. br, attached to bpf prog or kernel function via long jump
>> @@ -2942,6 +2957,7 @@ void bpf_jit_free(struct bpf_prog *prog)
>> sizeof(jit_data->header->size));
>> kfree(jit_data);
>> }
>> + prog->bpf_func -= cfi_get_offset();
>> hdr = bpf_jit_binary_pack_hdr(prog);
>> bpf_jit_binary_pack_free(hdr, NULL);
>> WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_prog_kallsyms_verify_off(prog));
>
>
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