Add some docs on CXL configurations done in bios/efi that affect
linux configuration - information vendors may care to consider.

Signed-off-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
---
 Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst        |   6 +
 .../driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst  | 262 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 268 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
index a2d1c5b18a8a..ffa0462ad950 100644
--- a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ that have impacts on each other.  The docs here break up configurations steps.
 
    devices/device-types
 
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+   :caption: Platform Configuration
+
+   platform/bios-and-efi
+
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
    :caption: Linux Kernel Configuration
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..552a83992bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+======================
+BIOS/EFI Configuration
+======================
+
+BIOS and EFI are largely responsible for configuring static information about
+devices (or potential future devices) such that Linux can build the appropriate
+logical representations of these devices.
+
+At a high level, this is what occurs during this phase of configuration.
+
+* The bootloader starts the BIOS/EFI.
+
+* BIOS/EFI do early device probe to determine static configuration
+
+* BIOS/EFI creates ACPI Tables that describe static config for the OS
+
+* BIOS/EFI create the system memory map (EFI Memory Map, E820, etc)
+
+* BIOS/EFI calls :code:`start_kernel` and begins the Linux Early Boot process.
+
+Much of what this section is concerned with is ACPI Table production and
+static memory map configuration. More detail on these tables can be found
+under Platform Configuration -> ACPI Table Reference.
+
+.. note::
+   Platform Vendors should read carefully, as this sections has recommendations
+   on physical memory region size and alignment, memory holes, HDM interleave,
+   and what linux expects of HDM decoders trying to work with these features.
+
+UEFI Settings
+=============
+If your platform supports it, the :code:`uefisettings` command can be used to
+read/write EFI settings. Changes will be reflected on the next reboot. Kexec
+is not a sufficient reboot.
+
+One notable configuration here is the EFI_MEMORY_SP (Specific Purpose) bit.
+When this is enabled, this bit tells linux to defer management of a memory
+region to a driver (in this case, the CXL driver). Otherwise, the memory is
+treated as "normal memory", and is exposed to the page allocator during
+:code:`__init`.
+
+uefisettings examples
+---------------------
+
+:code:`uefisettings identify` ::
+
+        uefisettings identify
+
+        bios_vendor: xxx
+        bios_version: xxx
+        bios_release: xxx
+        bios_date: xxx
+        product_name: xxx
+        product_family: xxx
+        product_version: xxx
+
+On some AMD platforms, the :code:`EFI_MEMORY_SP` bit is set via the :code:`CXL
+Memory Attribute` field.  This may be called something else on your platform.
+
+:code:`uefisettings get "CXL Memory Attribute"` ::
+
+        selector: xxx
+        ...
+        question: Question {
+            name: "CXL Memory Attribute",
+            answer: "Enabled",
+            ...
+        }
+
+Physical Memory Map
+===================
+
+Physical Address Region Alignment
+---------------------------------
+
+As of Linux v6.14, the hotplug memory system requires memory regions to be
+uniform in size and alignment.  While the CXL specification allows for memory
+regions as small as 256MB, the supported memory block size and alignment for
+hotplugged memory is architecture-defined.
+
+A Linux memory blocks may be as small as 128MB and increase in powers of two.
+
+* On ARM, the default block size and alignment is either 128MB or 256MB.
+
+* On x86, the default block size is 256MB, and increases to 2GB as the
+  capacity of the system increases up to 64GB.
+
+For best support across versions, platform vendors should place CXL memory at
+a 2GB aligned base address, and regions should be 2GB aligned.  This also helps
+prevent the creating thousands of memory devices (one per block).
+
+Memory Holes
+------------
+
+Holes in the memory map are tricky.  Consider a 4GB device located at base
+address 0x100000000, but with the following memory map ::
+
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x100000000    |
+  |        CXL        |
+  |    0x1BFFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x1C0000000    |
+  |    MEMORY HOLE    |
+  |    0x1FFFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x200000000    |
+  |     CXL CONT.     |
+  |    0x23FFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+
+There are two issues to consider:
+
+* decoder programming, and
+* memory block alignment.
+
+If your architecture requires 2GB uniform size and aligned memory blocks, the
+only capacity Linux is capable of mapping (as of v6.14) would be the capacity
+from `0x100000000-0x180000000`.  The remaining capacity will be stranded, as
+they are not of 2GB aligned length.
+
+Assuming your architecture and memory configuration allows 1GB memory blocks,
+this memory map is supported and this should be presented as multiple CFMWS
+in the CEDT that describe each side of the memory hole separately - along with
+matching decoders.
+
+Multiple decoders can (and should) be used to manage such a memory hole (see
+below), but each chunk of a memory hole should be aligned to a reasonable block
+size (larger alignment is always better).  If you intend to have memory holes
+in the memory map, expect to use one decoder per contiguous chunk of host
+physical memory.
+
+As of v6.14, Linux does provide support for memory hotplug of multiple
+physical memory regions separated by a memory hole described by a single
+HDM decoder.
+
+
+Decoder Programming
+===================
+If BIOS/EFI intends to program the decoders to be statically configured,
+there are a few things to consider to avoid major pitfalls that will
+prevent Linux compatibility.  Some of these recommendations are not
+required "per the specification", but Linux makes no guarantees of support
+otherwise.
+
+
+Translation Point
+-----------------
+Per the specification, the only decoders which **TRANSLATE** Host Physical
+Address (HPA) to Device Physical Address (DPA) are the **Endpoint Decoders**.
+All other decoders in the fabric are intended to route accesses without
+translating the addresses.
+
+This is heavily implied by the specification, see: ::
+
+  CXL Specification 3.1
+  8.2.4.20: CXL HDM Decoder Capability Structure
+  - Implementation Note: CXL Host Bridge and Upstream Switch Port Decoder Flow
+  - Implementation Note: Device Decoder Logic
+
+Given this, Linux makes a strong assumption that decoders between CPU and
+endpoint will all be programmed with addresses ranges that are subsets of
+their parent decoder.
+
+Due to some ambiguity in how Architecture, ACPI, PCI, and CXL specifications
+"hand off" responsibility between domains, some early adopting platforms
+attempted to do translation at the originating memory controller or host
+bridge.  This configuration requires a platform specific extension to the
+driver and is not officially endorsed - despite being supported.
+
+It is *highly recommended* **NOT** to do this; otherwise, you are on your own
+to implement driver support for your platform.
+
+Interleave and Configuration Flexibility
+----------------------------------------
+If providing cross-host-bridge interleave, a CFMWS entry in the CEDT must be
+presented with target host-bridges for the interleaved device sets (there may
+be multiple behind each host bridge).
+
+If providing intra-host-bridge interleaving, only 1 CFMWS entry in the CEDT is
+required for that host bridge - if it covers the entire capacity of the devices
+behind the host bridge.
+
+If intending to provide users flexibility in programming decoders beyond the
+root, you may want to provide multiple CFMWS entries in the CEDT intended for
+different purposes.  For example, you may want to consider adding:
+
+1) A CFMWS entry to cover all interleavable host bridges.
+2) A CFMWS entry to cover all devices on a single host bridge.
+3) A CFMWS entry to cover each device.
+
+A platform may choose to add all of these, or change the mode based on a BIOS
+setting.  For each CFMWS entry, Linux expects descriptions of the described
+memory regions in the SRAT to determine the number of NUMA nodes it should
+reserve during early boot / init.
+
+As of v6.14, Linux will create a NUMA node for each CEDT CFMWS entry, even if
+a matching SRAT entry does not exist; however, this is not guaranteed in the
+future and such a configuration should be avoided.
+
+Memory Holes
+------------
+If your platform includes memory holes intersparsed between your CXL memory, it
+is recommended to utilize multiple decoders to cover these regions of memory,
+rather than try to program the decoders to accept the entire range and expect
+Linux to manage the overlap.
+
+For example, consider the Memory Hole described above ::
+
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x100000000    |
+  |        CXL        |
+  |    0x1BFFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x1C0000000    |
+  |    MEMORY HOLE    |
+  |    0x1FFFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+  |    0x200000000    |
+  |     CXL CONT.     |
+  |    0x23FFFFFFF    |
+  ---------------------
+
+Assuming this is provided by a single device attached directly to a host bridge,
+Linux would expect the following decoder programming ::
+
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+     | root-decoder-0      |   | root-decoder-1      |
+     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
+     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+                |                         |
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+     | HB-decoder-0        |   | HB-decoder-1        |
+     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
+     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+                |                         |
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+     | ep-decoder-0        |   | ep-decoder-1        |
+     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
+     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
+     -----------------------   -----------------------
+
+With a CEDT configuration with two CFMWS describing the above root decoders.
+
+Linux makes no guarantee of support for strange memory hole situations.
+
+Multi-Media Devices
+-------------------
+The CFMWS field of the CEDT has special restriction bits which describe whether
+the described memory region allows volatile or persistent memory (or both). If
+the platform intends to support either:
+
+1) A device with multiple medias, or
+2) Using a persistent memory device as normal memory
+
+A platform may wish to create multiple CEDT CFMWS entries to describe the same
+memory, with the intent of allowing the end user flexibility in how that memory
+is configured. Linux does not presently have strong requirements in this area.
-- 
2.49.0

On 5/12/25 9:21 AM, Gregory Price wrote:
> Add some docs on CXL configurations done in bios/efi that affect
> linux configuration - information vendors may care to consider.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>

Reviewed-by: Dave Jiang <dave.jiang@intel.com>
> ---
>  Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst        |   6 +
>  .../driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst  | 262 ++++++++++++++++++
>  2 files changed, 268 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
> index a2d1c5b18a8a..ffa0462ad950 100644
> --- a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/index.rst
> @@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ that have impacts on each other.  The docs here break up configurations steps.
>  
>     devices/device-types
>  
> +.. toctree::
> +   :maxdepth: 2
> +   :caption: Platform Configuration
> +
> +   platform/bios-and-efi
> +
>  .. toctree::
>     :maxdepth: 1
>     :caption: Linux Kernel Configuration
> diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..552a83992bcc
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/platform/bios-and-efi.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
> +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +======================
> +BIOS/EFI Configuration
> +======================
> +
> +BIOS and EFI are largely responsible for configuring static information about
> +devices (or potential future devices) such that Linux can build the appropriate
> +logical representations of these devices.
> +
> +At a high level, this is what occurs during this phase of configuration.
> +
> +* The bootloader starts the BIOS/EFI.
> +
> +* BIOS/EFI do early device probe to determine static configuration
> +
> +* BIOS/EFI creates ACPI Tables that describe static config for the OS
> +
> +* BIOS/EFI create the system memory map (EFI Memory Map, E820, etc)
> +
> +* BIOS/EFI calls :code:`start_kernel` and begins the Linux Early Boot process.
> +
> +Much of what this section is concerned with is ACPI Table production and
> +static memory map configuration. More detail on these tables can be found
> +under Platform Configuration -> ACPI Table Reference.
> +
> +.. note::
> +   Platform Vendors should read carefully, as this sections has recommendations
> +   on physical memory region size and alignment, memory holes, HDM interleave,
> +   and what linux expects of HDM decoders trying to work with these features.
> +
> +UEFI Settings
> +=============
> +If your platform supports it, the :code:`uefisettings` command can be used to
> +read/write EFI settings. Changes will be reflected on the next reboot. Kexec
> +is not a sufficient reboot.
> +
> +One notable configuration here is the EFI_MEMORY_SP (Specific Purpose) bit.
> +When this is enabled, this bit tells linux to defer management of a memory
> +region to a driver (in this case, the CXL driver). Otherwise, the memory is
> +treated as "normal memory", and is exposed to the page allocator during
> +:code:`__init`.
> +
> +uefisettings examples
> +---------------------
> +
> +:code:`uefisettings identify` ::
> +
> +        uefisettings identify
> +
> +        bios_vendor: xxx
> +        bios_version: xxx
> +        bios_release: xxx
> +        bios_date: xxx
> +        product_name: xxx
> +        product_family: xxx
> +        product_version: xxx
> +
> +On some AMD platforms, the :code:`EFI_MEMORY_SP` bit is set via the :code:`CXL
> +Memory Attribute` field.  This may be called something else on your platform.
> +
> +:code:`uefisettings get "CXL Memory Attribute"` ::
> +
> +        selector: xxx
> +        ...
> +        question: Question {
> +            name: "CXL Memory Attribute",
> +            answer: "Enabled",
> +            ...
> +        }
> +
> +Physical Memory Map
> +===================
> +
> +Physical Address Region Alignment
> +---------------------------------
> +
> +As of Linux v6.14, the hotplug memory system requires memory regions to be
> +uniform in size and alignment.  While the CXL specification allows for memory
> +regions as small as 256MB, the supported memory block size and alignment for
> +hotplugged memory is architecture-defined.
> +
> +A Linux memory blocks may be as small as 128MB and increase in powers of two.
> +
> +* On ARM, the default block size and alignment is either 128MB or 256MB.
> +
> +* On x86, the default block size is 256MB, and increases to 2GB as the
> +  capacity of the system increases up to 64GB.
> +
> +For best support across versions, platform vendors should place CXL memory at
> +a 2GB aligned base address, and regions should be 2GB aligned.  This also helps
> +prevent the creating thousands of memory devices (one per block).
> +
> +Memory Holes
> +------------
> +
> +Holes in the memory map are tricky.  Consider a 4GB device located at base
> +address 0x100000000, but with the following memory map ::
> +
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x100000000    |
> +  |        CXL        |
> +  |    0x1BFFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x1C0000000    |
> +  |    MEMORY HOLE    |
> +  |    0x1FFFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x200000000    |
> +  |     CXL CONT.     |
> +  |    0x23FFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +
> +There are two issues to consider:
> +
> +* decoder programming, and
> +* memory block alignment.
> +
> +If your architecture requires 2GB uniform size and aligned memory blocks, the
> +only capacity Linux is capable of mapping (as of v6.14) would be the capacity
> +from `0x100000000-0x180000000`.  The remaining capacity will be stranded, as
> +they are not of 2GB aligned length.
> +
> +Assuming your architecture and memory configuration allows 1GB memory blocks,
> +this memory map is supported and this should be presented as multiple CFMWS
> +in the CEDT that describe each side of the memory hole separately - along with
> +matching decoders.
> +
> +Multiple decoders can (and should) be used to manage such a memory hole (see
> +below), but each chunk of a memory hole should be aligned to a reasonable block
> +size (larger alignment is always better).  If you intend to have memory holes
> +in the memory map, expect to use one decoder per contiguous chunk of host
> +physical memory.
> +
> +As of v6.14, Linux does provide support for memory hotplug of multiple
> +physical memory regions separated by a memory hole described by a single
> +HDM decoder.
> +
> +
> +Decoder Programming
> +===================
> +If BIOS/EFI intends to program the decoders to be statically configured,
> +there are a few things to consider to avoid major pitfalls that will
> +prevent Linux compatibility.  Some of these recommendations are not
> +required "per the specification", but Linux makes no guarantees of support
> +otherwise.
> +
> +
> +Translation Point
> +-----------------
> +Per the specification, the only decoders which **TRANSLATE** Host Physical
> +Address (HPA) to Device Physical Address (DPA) are the **Endpoint Decoders**.
> +All other decoders in the fabric are intended to route accesses without
> +translating the addresses.
> +
> +This is heavily implied by the specification, see: ::
> +
> +  CXL Specification 3.1
> +  8.2.4.20: CXL HDM Decoder Capability Structure
> +  - Implementation Note: CXL Host Bridge and Upstream Switch Port Decoder Flow
> +  - Implementation Note: Device Decoder Logic
> +
> +Given this, Linux makes a strong assumption that decoders between CPU and
> +endpoint will all be programmed with addresses ranges that are subsets of
> +their parent decoder.
> +
> +Due to some ambiguity in how Architecture, ACPI, PCI, and CXL specifications
> +"hand off" responsibility between domains, some early adopting platforms
> +attempted to do translation at the originating memory controller or host
> +bridge.  This configuration requires a platform specific extension to the
> +driver and is not officially endorsed - despite being supported.
> +
> +It is *highly recommended* **NOT** to do this; otherwise, you are on your own
> +to implement driver support for your platform.
> +
> +Interleave and Configuration Flexibility
> +----------------------------------------
> +If providing cross-host-bridge interleave, a CFMWS entry in the CEDT must be
> +presented with target host-bridges for the interleaved device sets (there may
> +be multiple behind each host bridge).
> +
> +If providing intra-host-bridge interleaving, only 1 CFMWS entry in the CEDT is
> +required for that host bridge - if it covers the entire capacity of the devices
> +behind the host bridge.
> +
> +If intending to provide users flexibility in programming decoders beyond the
> +root, you may want to provide multiple CFMWS entries in the CEDT intended for
> +different purposes.  For example, you may want to consider adding:
> +
> +1) A CFMWS entry to cover all interleavable host bridges.
> +2) A CFMWS entry to cover all devices on a single host bridge.
> +3) A CFMWS entry to cover each device.
> +
> +A platform may choose to add all of these, or change the mode based on a BIOS
> +setting.  For each CFMWS entry, Linux expects descriptions of the described
> +memory regions in the SRAT to determine the number of NUMA nodes it should
> +reserve during early boot / init.
> +
> +As of v6.14, Linux will create a NUMA node for each CEDT CFMWS entry, even if
> +a matching SRAT entry does not exist; however, this is not guaranteed in the
> +future and such a configuration should be avoided.
> +
> +Memory Holes
> +------------
> +If your platform includes memory holes intersparsed between your CXL memory, it

s/intersparsed/interspersed/

DJ

> +is recommended to utilize multiple decoders to cover these regions of memory,
> +rather than try to program the decoders to accept the entire range and expect
> +Linux to manage the overlap.
> +
> +For example, consider the Memory Hole described above ::
> +
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x100000000    |
> +  |        CXL        |
> +  |    0x1BFFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x1C0000000    |
> +  |    MEMORY HOLE    |
> +  |    0x1FFFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +  |    0x200000000    |
> +  |     CXL CONT.     |
> +  |    0x23FFFFFFF    |
> +  ---------------------
> +
> +Assuming this is provided by a single device attached directly to a host bridge,
> +Linux would expect the following decoder programming ::
> +
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +     | root-decoder-0      |   | root-decoder-1      |
> +     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
> +     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +                |                         |
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +     | HB-decoder-0        |   | HB-decoder-1        |
> +     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
> +     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +                |                         |
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +     | ep-decoder-0        |   | ep-decoder-1        |
> +     |   base: 0x100000000 |   |   base: 0x200000000 |
> +     |   size:  0xC0000000 |   |   size:  0x40000000 |
> +     -----------------------   -----------------------
> +
> +With a CEDT configuration with two CFMWS describing the above root decoders.
> +
> +Linux makes no guarantee of support for strange memory hole situations.
> +
> +Multi-Media Devices
> +-------------------
> +The CFMWS field of the CEDT has special restriction bits which describe whether
> +the described memory region allows volatile or persistent memory (or both). If
> +the platform intends to support either:
> +
> +1) A device with multiple medias, or
> +2) Using a persistent memory device as normal memory
> +
> +A platform may wish to create multiple CEDT CFMWS entries to describe the same
> +memory, with the intent of allowing the end user flexibility in how that memory
> +is configured. Linux does not presently have strong requirements in this area.