drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
As suggested by Marc and Lorenzo, first we need to check whether the
platform_timer entry pointer is within gtdt bounds (< gtdt_end) before
de-referencing what it points at to detect the length of the platform
timer struct and then check that the length of current platform_timer
struct is also valid, i.e. the length is not zero and within gtdt_end.
Now next_platform_timer() only checks against gtdt_end for the entry of
subsequent platform timer without checking the length of it and will
not report error if the check failed and the existing check in function
acpi_gtdt_init() is also not enough.
Modify the for_each_platform_timer() iterator and use it combined with
a dedicated check function platform_timer_valid() to do the check
against table length (gtdt_end) for each element of platform timer
array in function acpi_gtdt_init(), making sure that both their entry
and length actually fit in the table.
Suggested-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Zheng Zengkai <zhengzengkai@huawei.com>
---
Changes in v3:
- based on Marc's patch and reuse the for_each_platform_timer() loop
Changes in v2:
- Check against gtdt_end for both entry and len of each array element
Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20241012085343.6594-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241010144703.113728-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
---
drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
index c0e77c1c8e09..3583c99afb0d 100644
--- a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
+++ b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
@@ -36,19 +36,25 @@ struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor {
static struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor acpi_gtdt_desc __initdata;
-static inline __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
+static __init bool platform_timer_valid(void *platform_timer)
{
struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
- platform_timer += gh->length;
- if (platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end)
- return platform_timer;
+ return (platform_timer >= (void *)(acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt + 1) &&
+ platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end &&
+ gh->length != 0 &&
+ platform_timer + gh->length <= acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end);
+}
+
+static __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
+{
+ struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
- return NULL;
+ return platform_timer + gh->length;
}
-#define for_each_platform_timer(_g) \
- for (_g = acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer; _g; \
+#define for_each_platform_timer(_g, first_entry) \
+ for (_g = first_entry; platform_timer_valid(_g); \
_g = next_platform_timer(_g))
static inline bool is_timer_block(void *platform_timer)
@@ -155,8 +161,9 @@ bool __init acpi_gtdt_c3stop(int type)
int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
int *platform_timer_count)
{
- void *platform_timer;
+ void *platform_timer, *tmp;
struct acpi_table_gtdt *gtdt;
+ int cnt = 0;
gtdt = container_of(table, struct acpi_table_gtdt, header);
acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt = gtdt;
@@ -177,7 +184,10 @@ int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
}
platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
- if (platform_timer < (void *)table + sizeof(struct acpi_table_gtdt)) {
+ for_each_platform_timer(tmp, platform_timer)
+ cnt++;
+
+ if (cnt != gtdt->platform_timer_count) {
pr_err(FW_BUG "invalid timer data.\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
@@ -305,7 +315,7 @@ int __init acpi_arch_timer_mem_init(struct arch_timer_mem *timer_mem,
void *platform_timer;
*timer_count = 0;
- for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
+ for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
if (is_timer_block(platform_timer)) {
ret = gtdt_parse_timer_block(platform_timer, timer_mem);
if (ret)
@@ -398,7 +408,7 @@ static int __init gtdt_sbsa_gwdt_init(void)
if (ret || !timer_count)
goto out_put_gtdt;
- for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
+ for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
if (is_non_secure_watchdog(platform_timer)) {
ret = gtdt_import_sbsa_gwdt(platform_timer, gwdt_count);
if (ret)
--
2.20.1On Tue, Oct 15, 2024 at 11:26:02PM +0800, Zheng Zengkai wrote:
> As suggested by Marc and Lorenzo, first we need to check whether the
I would just describe the change, the tags and Link: are there to
describe this patch history.
> platform_timer entry pointer is within gtdt bounds (< gtdt_end) before
> de-referencing what it points at to detect the length of the platform
> timer struct and then check that the length of current platform_timer
> struct is also valid, i.e. the length is not zero and within gtdt_end.
> Now next_platform_timer() only checks against gtdt_end for the entry of
> subsequent platform timer without checking the length of it and will
> not report error if the check failed and the existing check in function
> acpi_gtdt_init() is also not enough.
>
> Modify the for_each_platform_timer() iterator and use it combined with
> a dedicated check function platform_timer_valid() to do the check
> against table length (gtdt_end) for each element of platform timer
> array in function acpi_gtdt_init(), making sure that both their entry
> and length actually fit in the table.
>
> Suggested-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
> Co-developed-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
> Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
> Signed-off-by: Zheng Zengkai <zhengzengkai@huawei.com>
> ---
> Changes in v3:
> - based on Marc's patch and reuse the for_each_platform_timer() loop
>
> Changes in v2:
> - Check against gtdt_end for both entry and len of each array element
> Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20241012085343.6594-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
>
> Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241010144703.113728-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
> ---
> drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
> 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> index c0e77c1c8e09..3583c99afb0d 100644
> --- a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> +++ b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> @@ -36,19 +36,25 @@ struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor {
>
> static struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor acpi_gtdt_desc __initdata;
>
> -static inline __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
> +static __init bool platform_timer_valid(void *platform_timer)
> {
> struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
>
> - platform_timer += gh->length;
> - if (platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end)
> - return platform_timer;
> + return (platform_timer >= (void *)(acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt + 1) &&
> + platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end &&
> + gh->length != 0 &&
> + platform_timer + gh->length <= acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end);
> +}
> +
> +static __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
> +{
> + struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
>
> - return NULL;
> + return platform_timer + gh->length;
> }
>
> -#define for_each_platform_timer(_g) \
> - for (_g = acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer; _g; \
> +#define for_each_platform_timer(_g, first_entry) \
> + for (_g = first_entry; platform_timer_valid(_g); \
> _g = next_platform_timer(_g))
>
> static inline bool is_timer_block(void *platform_timer)
> @@ -155,8 +161,9 @@ bool __init acpi_gtdt_c3stop(int type)
> int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
> int *platform_timer_count)
> {
> - void *platform_timer;
> + void *platform_timer, *tmp;
It makes more sense - thank you and Marc.
Nit: you don't really need another pointer (ie tmp) but you may keep
it if that makes the code clearer - all you need to do is using
platform_timer as an iterator and initialize
acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
if all checks passed (you are using tmp just because after the loop
platform_timer can't be used to initialize acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer).
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
(now let's see if this survives GTDTs out there :))
> struct acpi_table_gtdt *gtdt;
> + int cnt = 0;
>
> gtdt = container_of(table, struct acpi_table_gtdt, header);
> acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt = gtdt;
> @@ -177,7 +184,10 @@ int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
> }
>
> platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
> - if (platform_timer < (void *)table + sizeof(struct acpi_table_gtdt)) {
> + for_each_platform_timer(tmp, platform_timer)
> + cnt++;
> +
> + if (cnt != gtdt->platform_timer_count) {
> pr_err(FW_BUG "invalid timer data.\n");
> return -EINVAL;
> }
> @@ -305,7 +315,7 @@ int __init acpi_arch_timer_mem_init(struct arch_timer_mem *timer_mem,
> void *platform_timer;
>
> *timer_count = 0;
> - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
> + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
> if (is_timer_block(platform_timer)) {
> ret = gtdt_parse_timer_block(platform_timer, timer_mem);
> if (ret)
> @@ -398,7 +408,7 @@ static int __init gtdt_sbsa_gwdt_init(void)
> if (ret || !timer_count)
> goto out_put_gtdt;
>
> - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
> + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
> if (is_non_secure_watchdog(platform_timer)) {
> ret = gtdt_import_sbsa_gwdt(platform_timer, gwdt_count);
> if (ret)
> --
> 2.20.1
>
Hi Lorenzo,
在 2024/10/16 0:44, Lorenzo Pieralisi 写道:
> On Tue, Oct 15, 2024 at 11:26:02PM +0800, Zheng Zengkai wrote:
>> As suggested by Marc and Lorenzo, first we need to check whether the
> I would just describe the change, the tags and Link: are there to
> describe this patch history.
Do you mean that the previous patch below also need to be listed in this
change log history?
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240930030716.179992-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
>> platform_timer entry pointer is within gtdt bounds (< gtdt_end) before
>> de-referencing what it points at to detect the length of the platform
>> timer struct and then check that the length of current platform_timer
>> struct is also valid, i.e. the length is not zero and within gtdt_end.
>> Now next_platform_timer() only checks against gtdt_end for the entry of
>> subsequent platform timer without checking the length of it and will
>> not report error if the check failed and the existing check in function
>> acpi_gtdt_init() is also not enough.
>>
>> Modify the for_each_platform_timer() iterator and use it combined with
>> a dedicated check function platform_timer_valid() to do the check
>> against table length (gtdt_end) for each element of platform timer
>> array in function acpi_gtdt_init(), making sure that both their entry
>> and length actually fit in the table.
>>
>> Suggested-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
>> Co-developed-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
>> Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
>> Signed-off-by: Zheng Zengkai <zhengzengkai@huawei.com>
>> ---
>> Changes in v3:
>> - based on Marc's patch and reuse the for_each_platform_timer() loop
>>
>> Changes in v2:
>> - Check against gtdt_end for both entry and len of each array element
>> Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20241012085343.6594-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
>>
>> Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241010144703.113728-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
>> ---
>> drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
>> 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
>> index c0e77c1c8e09..3583c99afb0d 100644
>> --- a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
>> +++ b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
>> @@ -36,19 +36,25 @@ struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor {
>>
>> static struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor acpi_gtdt_desc __initdata;
>>
>> -static inline __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
>> +static __init bool platform_timer_valid(void *platform_timer)
>> {
>> struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
>>
>> - platform_timer += gh->length;
>> - if (platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end)
>> - return platform_timer;
>> + return (platform_timer >= (void *)(acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt + 1) &&
>> + platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end &&
>> + gh->length != 0 &&
>> + platform_timer + gh->length <= acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end);
>> +}
>> +
>> +static __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
>> +{
>> + struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
>>
>> - return NULL;
>> + return platform_timer + gh->length;
>> }
>>
>> -#define for_each_platform_timer(_g) \
>> - for (_g = acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer; _g; \
>> +#define for_each_platform_timer(_g, first_entry) \
>> + for (_g = first_entry; platform_timer_valid(_g); \
>> _g = next_platform_timer(_g))
>>
>> static inline bool is_timer_block(void *platform_timer)
>> @@ -155,8 +161,9 @@ bool __init acpi_gtdt_c3stop(int type)
>> int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
>> int *platform_timer_count)
>> {
>> - void *platform_timer;
>> + void *platform_timer, *tmp;
> It makes more sense - thank you and Marc.
>
> Nit: you don't really need another pointer (ie tmp) but you may keep
> it if that makes the code clearer - all you need to do is using
> platform_timer as an iterator and initialize
Yes, the tmp pointer can be removed for conciseness.
Thanks!
>
> acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
>
> if all checks passed (you are using tmp just because after the loop
> platform_timer can't be used to initialize acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer).
>
> Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
>
> (now let's see if this survives GTDTs out there :))
>> struct acpi_table_gtdt *gtdt;
>> + int cnt = 0;
>>
>> gtdt = container_of(table, struct acpi_table_gtdt, header);
>> acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt = gtdt;
>> @@ -177,7 +184,10 @@ int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
>> }
>>
>> platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
>> - if (platform_timer < (void *)table + sizeof(struct acpi_table_gtdt)) {
>> + for_each_platform_timer(tmp, platform_timer)
>> + cnt++;
>> +
>> + if (cnt != gtdt->platform_timer_count) {
>> pr_err(FW_BUG "invalid timer data.\n");
>> return -EINVAL;
>> }
>> @@ -305,7 +315,7 @@ int __init acpi_arch_timer_mem_init(struct arch_timer_mem *timer_mem,
>> void *platform_timer;
>>
>> *timer_count = 0;
>> - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
>> + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
>> if (is_timer_block(platform_timer)) {
>> ret = gtdt_parse_timer_block(platform_timer, timer_mem);
>> if (ret)
>> @@ -398,7 +408,7 @@ static int __init gtdt_sbsa_gwdt_init(void)
>> if (ret || !timer_count)
>> goto out_put_gtdt;
>>
>> - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
>> + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
>> if (is_non_secure_watchdog(platform_timer)) {
>> ret = gtdt_import_sbsa_gwdt(platform_timer, gwdt_count);
>> if (ret)
>> --
>> 2.20.1
>>
> .
>
On Wed, Oct 16, 2024 at 04:49:36PM +0800, Zheng Zengkai wrote:
> Hi Lorenzo,
>
> 在 2024/10/16 0:44, Lorenzo Pieralisi 写道:
> > On Tue, Oct 15, 2024 at 11:26:02PM +0800, Zheng Zengkai wrote:
> > > As suggested by Marc and Lorenzo, first we need to check whether the
> > I would just describe the change, the tags and Link: are there to
> > describe this patch history.
>
>
> Do you mean that the previous patch below also need to be listed in this
> change log history?
>
> https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240930030716.179992-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
No, it was just a comment referring to "As suggested by Marc and Lorenzo",
that's clear from the tags and a Link: to this thread will be added when
the patch is applied (though you can add it too, it would not hurt).
Never mind.
Lorenzo
> > > platform_timer entry pointer is within gtdt bounds (< gtdt_end) before
> > > de-referencing what it points at to detect the length of the platform
> > > timer struct and then check that the length of current platform_timer
> > > struct is also valid, i.e. the length is not zero and within gtdt_end.
> > > Now next_platform_timer() only checks against gtdt_end for the entry of
> > > subsequent platform timer without checking the length of it and will
> > > not report error if the check failed and the existing check in function
> > > acpi_gtdt_init() is also not enough.
> > >
> > > Modify the for_each_platform_timer() iterator and use it combined with
> > > a dedicated check function platform_timer_valid() to do the check
> > > against table length (gtdt_end) for each element of platform timer
> > > array in function acpi_gtdt_init(), making sure that both their entry
> > > and length actually fit in the table.
> > >
> > > Suggested-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
> > > Co-developed-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
> > > Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
> > > Signed-off-by: Zheng Zengkai <zhengzengkai@huawei.com>
> > > ---
> > > Changes in v3:
> > > - based on Marc's patch and reuse the for_each_platform_timer() loop
> > >
> > > Changes in v2:
> > > - Check against gtdt_end for both entry and len of each array element
> > > Link to v2: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20241012085343.6594-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
> > >
> > > Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241010144703.113728-1-zhengzengkai@huawei.com/
> > > ---
> > > drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
> > > 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
> > >
> > > diff --git a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> > > index c0e77c1c8e09..3583c99afb0d 100644
> > > --- a/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> > > +++ b/drivers/acpi/arm64/gtdt.c
> > > @@ -36,19 +36,25 @@ struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor {
> > > static struct acpi_gtdt_descriptor acpi_gtdt_desc __initdata;
> > > -static inline __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
> > > +static __init bool platform_timer_valid(void *platform_timer)
> > > {
> > > struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
> > > - platform_timer += gh->length;
> > > - if (platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end)
> > > - return platform_timer;
> > > + return (platform_timer >= (void *)(acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt + 1) &&
> > > + platform_timer < acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end &&
> > > + gh->length != 0 &&
> > > + platform_timer + gh->length <= acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt_end);
> > > +}
> > > +
> > > +static __init void *next_platform_timer(void *platform_timer)
> > > +{
> > > + struct acpi_gtdt_header *gh = platform_timer;
> > > - return NULL;
> > > + return platform_timer + gh->length;
> > > }
> > > -#define for_each_platform_timer(_g) \
> > > - for (_g = acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer; _g; \
> > > +#define for_each_platform_timer(_g, first_entry) \
> > > + for (_g = first_entry; platform_timer_valid(_g); \
> > > _g = next_platform_timer(_g))
> > > static inline bool is_timer_block(void *platform_timer)
> > > @@ -155,8 +161,9 @@ bool __init acpi_gtdt_c3stop(int type)
> > > int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
> > > int *platform_timer_count)
> > > {
> > > - void *platform_timer;
> > > + void *platform_timer, *tmp;
> > It makes more sense - thank you and Marc.
> >
> > Nit: you don't really need another pointer (ie tmp) but you may keep
> > it if that makes the code clearer - all you need to do is using
> > platform_timer as an iterator and initialize
>
>
> Yes, the tmp pointer can be removed for conciseness.
>
> Thanks!
>
>
> >
> > acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
> >
> > if all checks passed (you are using tmp just because after the loop
> > platform_timer can't be used to initialize acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer).
> >
> > Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>
> >
> > (now let's see if this survives GTDTs out there :))
> > > struct acpi_table_gtdt *gtdt;
> > > + int cnt = 0;
> > > gtdt = container_of(table, struct acpi_table_gtdt, header);
> > > acpi_gtdt_desc.gtdt = gtdt;
> > > @@ -177,7 +184,10 @@ int __init acpi_gtdt_init(struct acpi_table_header *table,
> > > }
> > > platform_timer = (void *)gtdt + gtdt->platform_timer_offset;
> > > - if (platform_timer < (void *)table + sizeof(struct acpi_table_gtdt)) {
> > > + for_each_platform_timer(tmp, platform_timer)
> > > + cnt++;
> > > +
> > > + if (cnt != gtdt->platform_timer_count) {
> > > pr_err(FW_BUG "invalid timer data.\n");
> > > return -EINVAL;
> > > }
> > > @@ -305,7 +315,7 @@ int __init acpi_arch_timer_mem_init(struct arch_timer_mem *timer_mem,
> > > void *platform_timer;
> > > *timer_count = 0;
> > > - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
> > > + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
> > > if (is_timer_block(platform_timer)) {
> > > ret = gtdt_parse_timer_block(platform_timer, timer_mem);
> > > if (ret)
> > > @@ -398,7 +408,7 @@ static int __init gtdt_sbsa_gwdt_init(void)
> > > if (ret || !timer_count)
> > > goto out_put_gtdt;
> > > - for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer) {
> > > + for_each_platform_timer(platform_timer, acpi_gtdt_desc.platform_timer) {
> > > if (is_non_secure_watchdog(platform_timer)) {
> > > ret = gtdt_import_sbsa_gwdt(platform_timer, gwdt_count);
> > > if (ret)
> > > --
> > > 2.20.1
> > >
> > .
> >
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