Add an (always) reference-counted abstraction for a generic C `struct
device`. This abstraction encapsulates existing `struct device` instances
and manages its reference count.

Subsystems may use this abstraction as a base to abstract subsystem
specific device instances based on a generic `struct device`, such as
`struct pci_dev`.

Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@redhat.com>
---
 rust/helpers.c        |   1 +
 rust/kernel/device.rs | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/lib.rs    |   1 +
 3 files changed, 104 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/device.rs

diff --git a/rust/helpers.c b/rust/helpers.c
index 2c37a0f5d7a8..0e02b2c64c72 100644
--- a/rust/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <kunit/test-bug.h>
 #include <linux/bug.h>
 #include <linux/build_bug.h>
+#include <linux/device.h>
 #include <linux/err.h>
 #include <linux/errname.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
diff --git a/rust/kernel/device.rs b/rust/kernel/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e445e87fb7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! Generic devices that are part of the kernel's driver model.
+//!
+//! C header: [`include/linux/device.h`](srctree/include/linux/device.h)
+
+use crate::{
+    bindings,
+    types::{ARef, Opaque},
+};
+use core::ptr;
+
+/// A reference-counted device.
+///
+/// This structure represents the Rust abstraction for a C `struct device`. This implementation
+/// abstracts the usage of an already existing C `struct device` within Rust code that we get
+/// passed from the C side.
+///
+/// An instance of this abstraction can be obtained temporarily or permanent.
+///
+/// A temporary one is bound to the lifetime of the C `struct device` pointer used for creation.
+/// A permanent instance is always reference-counted and hence not restricted by any lifetime
+/// boundaries.
+///
+/// For subsystems it is recommended to create a permanent instance to wrap into a subsystem
+/// specific device structure (e.g. `pci::Device`). This is useful for passing it to drivers in
+/// `T::probe()`, such that a driver can store the `ARef<Device>` (equivalent to storing a
+/// `struct device` pointer in a C driver) for arbitrary purposes, e.g. allocating DMA coherent
+/// memory.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The pointer stored in `Self` is non-null and valid for the lifetime of the `ARef` instance. In
+/// particular, the `ARef` instance owns an increment on the underlying object’s reference count.
+///
+/// `bindings::device::release` is valid to be called from any thread, hence `ARef<Device>` can be
+/// dropped from any thread.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Device(Opaque<bindings::device>);
+
+impl Device {
+    /// Creates a new reference-counted abstraction instance of an existing `struct device` pointer.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Callers must ensure that `ptr` is valid, non-null, and has a non-zero reference count,
+    /// i.e. it must be ensured that the reference count of the C `struct device` `ptr` points to
+    /// can't drop to zero, for the duration of this function call.
+    ///
+    /// It must also be ensured that `bindings::device::release` can be called from any thread.
+    /// While not officially documented, this should be the case for any `struct device`.
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *mut bindings::device) -> ARef<Self> {
+        // SAFETY: By the safety requirements, ptr is valid.
+        // Initially increase the reference count by one to compensate for the final decrement once
+        // this newly created `ARef<Device>` instance is dropped.
+        unsafe { bindings::get_device(ptr) };
+
+        // CAST: `Self` is a `repr(transparent)` wrapper around `bindings::device`.
+        let ptr = ptr.cast::<Self>();
+
+        // SAFETY: By the safety requirements, ptr is valid.
+        unsafe { ARef::from_raw(ptr::NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr)) }
+    }
+
+    /// Obtain the raw `struct device *`.
+    pub(crate) fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::device {
+        self.0.get()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert a raw C `struct device` pointer to a `&'a Device`.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Callers must ensure that `ptr` is valid, non-null, and has a non-zero reference count,
+    /// i.e. it must be ensured that the reference count of the C `struct device` `ptr` points to
+    /// can't drop to zero, for the duration of this function call and the entire duration when the
+    /// returned reference exists.
+    pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::device) -> &'a Self {
+        // SAFETY: Guaranteed by the safety requirements of the function.
+        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: Instances of `Device` are always reference-counted.
+unsafe impl crate::types::AlwaysRefCounted for Device {
+    fn inc_ref(&self) {
+        // SAFETY: The existence of a shared reference guarantees that the refcount is non-zero.
+        unsafe { bindings::get_device(self.as_raw()) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dec_ref(obj: ptr::NonNull<Self>) {
+        // SAFETY: The safety requirements guarantee that the refcount is non-zero.
+        unsafe { bindings::put_device(obj.cast().as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: As by the type invariant `Device` can be sent to any thread.
+unsafe impl Send for Device {}
+
+// SAFETY: `Device` can be shared among threads because all immutable methods are protected by the
+// synchronization in `struct device`.
+unsafe impl Sync for Device {}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
index fbd91a48ff8b..dd1207f1a873 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 pub mod alloc;
 mod build_assert;
+pub mod device;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod init;
 pub mod ioctl;
-- 
2.45.1

On Tue, 18 Jun 2024 17:48:34 +0200
Danilo Krummrich <dakr@redhat.com> wrote:

> Add an (always) reference-counted abstraction for a generic C `struct
> device`. This abstraction encapsulates existing `struct device` instances
> and manages its reference count.
> 
> Subsystems may use this abstraction as a base to abstract subsystem
> specific device instances based on a generic `struct device`, such as
> `struct pci_dev`.
> 
> Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
> Signed-off-by: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@redhat.com>

Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>

> ---
>  rust/helpers.c        |   1 +
>  rust/kernel/device.rs | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  rust/kernel/lib.rs    |   1 +
>  3 files changed, 104 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 rust/kernel/device.rs

On 18.06.24 17:48, Danilo Krummrich wrote:
> Add an (always) reference-counted abstraction for a generic C `struct
> device`. This abstraction encapsulates existing `struct device` instances
> and manages its reference count.
> 
> Subsystems may use this abstraction as a base to abstract subsystem
> specific device instances based on a generic `struct device`, such as
> `struct pci_dev`.
> 
> Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@gmail.com>
> Signed-off-by: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@redhat.com>
> ---
>  rust/helpers.c        |   1 +
>  rust/kernel/device.rs | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  rust/kernel/lib.rs    |   1 +
>  3 files changed, 104 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 rust/kernel/device.rs
> 
> diff --git a/rust/helpers.c b/rust/helpers.c
> index 2c37a0f5d7a8..0e02b2c64c72 100644
> --- a/rust/helpers.c
> +++ b/rust/helpers.c
> @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
>  #include <kunit/test-bug.h>
>  #include <linux/bug.h>
>  #include <linux/build_bug.h>
> +#include <linux/device.h>
>  #include <linux/err.h>
>  #include <linux/errname.h>
>  #include <linux/mutex.h>
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/device.rs b/rust/kernel/device.rs
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..e445e87fb7d7
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/rust/kernel/device.rs
> @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +//! Generic devices that are part of the kernel's driver model.
> +//!
> +//! C header: [`include/linux/device.h`](srctree/include/linux/device.h)
> +
> +use crate::{
> +    bindings,
> +    types::{ARef, Opaque},
> +};
> +use core::ptr;
> +
> +/// A reference-counted device.
> +///
> +/// This structure represents the Rust abstraction for a C `struct device`. This implementation
> +/// abstracts the usage of an already existing C `struct device` within Rust code that we get
> +/// passed from the C side.
> +///
> +/// An instance of this abstraction can be obtained temporarily or permanent.
> +///
> +/// A temporary one is bound to the lifetime of the C `struct device` pointer used for creation.
> +/// A permanent instance is always reference-counted and hence not restricted by any lifetime
> +/// boundaries.
> +///
> +/// For subsystems it is recommended to create a permanent instance to wrap into a subsystem
> +/// specific device structure (e.g. `pci::Device`). This is useful for passing it to drivers in
> +/// `T::probe()`, such that a driver can store the `ARef<Device>` (equivalent to storing a
> +/// `struct device` pointer in a C driver) for arbitrary purposes, e.g. allocating DMA coherent
> +/// memory.
> +///
> +/// # Invariants
> +///
> +/// The pointer stored in `Self` is non-null and valid for the lifetime of the `ARef` instance. In

There is no pointer stored in `Self` directly. I think you can just
remove the first sentence.

The second sentence can also be improved, see `Task` in
`rust/kernel/task.rs:42`.

> +/// particular, the `ARef` instance owns an increment on the underlying object’s reference count.
> +///
> +/// `bindings::device::release` is valid to be called from any thread, hence `ARef<Device>` can be
> +/// dropped from any thread.
> +#[repr(transparent)]
> +pub struct Device(Opaque<bindings::device>);
> +
> +impl Device {
> +    /// Creates a new reference-counted abstraction instance of an existing `struct device` pointer.
> +    ///
> +    /// # Safety
> +    ///
> +    /// Callers must ensure that `ptr` is valid, non-null, and has a non-zero reference count,
> +    /// i.e. it must be ensured that the reference count of the C `struct device` `ptr` points to
> +    /// can't drop to zero, for the duration of this function call.
> +    ///
> +    /// It must also be ensured that `bindings::device::release` can be called from any thread.
> +    /// While not officially documented, this should be the case for any `struct device`.
> +    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *mut bindings::device) -> ARef<Self> {
> +        // SAFETY: By the safety requirements, ptr is valid.
> +        // Initially increase the reference count by one to compensate for the final decrement once
> +        // this newly created `ARef<Device>` instance is dropped.
> +        unsafe { bindings::get_device(ptr) };
> +
> +        // CAST: `Self` is a `repr(transparent)` wrapper around `bindings::device`.
> +        let ptr = ptr.cast::<Self>();
> +
> +        // SAFETY: By the safety requirements, ptr is valid.

That is not the only requirement on `from_raw`, you also need to own
a refcount (which you do) on `ptr`.

---
Cheers,
Benno

> +        unsafe { ARef::from_raw(ptr::NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr)) }
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Obtain the raw `struct device *`.
> +    pub(crate) fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::device {
> +        self.0.get()
> +    }
> +
> +    /// Convert a raw C `struct device` pointer to a `&'a Device`.
> +    ///
> +    /// # Safety
> +    ///
> +    /// Callers must ensure that `ptr` is valid, non-null, and has a non-zero reference count,
> +    /// i.e. it must be ensured that the reference count of the C `struct device` `ptr` points to
> +    /// can't drop to zero, for the duration of this function call and the entire duration when the
> +    /// returned reference exists.
> +    pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::device) -> &'a Self {
> +        // SAFETY: Guaranteed by the safety requirements of the function.
> +        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: Instances of `Device` are always reference-counted.
> +unsafe impl crate::types::AlwaysRefCounted for Device {
> +    fn inc_ref(&self) {
> +        // SAFETY: The existence of a shared reference guarantees that the refcount is non-zero.
> +        unsafe { bindings::get_device(self.as_raw()) };
> +    }
> +
> +    unsafe fn dec_ref(obj: ptr::NonNull<Self>) {
> +        // SAFETY: The safety requirements guarantee that the refcount is non-zero.
> +        unsafe { bindings::put_device(obj.cast().as_ptr()) }
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: As by the type invariant `Device` can be sent to any thread.
> +unsafe impl Send for Device {}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `Device` can be shared among threads because all immutable methods are protected by the
> +// synchronization in `struct device`.
> +unsafe impl Sync for Device {}
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
> index fbd91a48ff8b..dd1207f1a873 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
> @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
> 
>  pub mod alloc;
>  mod build_assert;
> +pub mod device;
>  pub mod error;
>  pub mod init;
>  pub mod ioctl;
> --
> 2.45.1
>