From: Rakie Kim <rakie.kim@sk.com>
When a system has multiple NUMA nodes and it becomes bandwidth hungry,
the current MPOL_INTERLEAVE could be an wise option.
However, if those NUMA nodes consist of different types of memory such
as having local DRAM and CXL memory together, the current round-robin
based interleaving policy doesn't maximize the overall bandwidth because
of their different bandwidth characteristics.
Instead, the interleaving can be more efficient when the allocation
policy follows each NUMA nodes' bandwidth weight rather than having 1:1
round-robin allocation.
This patch introduces a new memory policy, MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE, which
enables weighted interleaving between NUMA nodes. Weighted interleave
allows for a proportional distribution of memory across multiple numa
nodes, preferablly apportioned to match the bandwidth capacity of each
node from the perspective of the accessing node.
For example, if a system has 1 CPU node (0), and 2 memory nodes (0,1),
with a relative bandwidth of (100GB/s, 50GB/s) respectively, the
appropriate weight distribution is (2:1).
Weights will be acquired from the global weight array exposed by the
sysfs extension: /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/
The policy will then allocate the number of pages according to the
set weights. For example, if the weights are (2,1), then 2 pages
will be allocated on node0 for every 1 page allocated on node1.
The new flag MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE can be used in set_mempolicy(2)
and mbind(2).
There are 3 integration points:
weighted_interleave_nodes:
Counts the number of allocations as they occur, and applies the
weight for the current node. When the weight reaches 0, switch
to the next node. Applied by `mempolicy_slab_node()` and
`policy_nodemask()`
weighted_interleave_nid:
Gets the total weight of the nodemask as well as each individual
node weight, then calculates the node based on the given index.
Applied by `policy_nodemask()` and `mpol_misplaced()`
bulk_array_weighted_interleave:
Gets the total weight of the nodemask as well as each individual
node weight, then calculates the number of "interleave rounds" as
well as any delta ("partial round"). Calculates the number of
pages for each node and allocates them.
If a node was scheduled for interleave via interleave_nodes, the
current weight (pol->cur_weight) will be allocated first, before
the remaining bulk calculation is done. This simplifies the
calculation at the cost of an additional allocation call.
One piece of complexity is the interaction between a recent refactor
which split the logic to acquire the "ilx" (interleave index) of an
allocation and the actually application of the interleave. The
calculation of the `interleave index` is done by `get_vma_policy()`,
while the actual selection of the node will be later applied by the
relevant weighted_interleave function.
Suggested-by: Hasan Al Maruf <Hasan.Maruf@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Rakie Kim <rakie.kim@sk.com>
Co-developed-by: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Co-developed-by: Hyeongtak Ji <hyeongtak.ji@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Hyeongtak Ji <hyeongtak.ji@sk.com>
Co-developed-by: Gregory Price <gregory.price@memverge.com>
Signed-off-by: Gregory Price <gregory.price@memverge.com>
Co-developed-by: Srinivasulu Thanneeru <sthanneeru.opensrc@micron.com>
Signed-off-by: Srinivasulu Thanneeru <sthanneeru.opensrc@micron.com>
Co-developed-by: Ravi Jonnalagadda <ravis.opensrc@micron.com>
Signed-off-by: Ravi Jonnalagadda <ravis.opensrc@micron.com>
---
.../admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst | 11 +
include/linux/mempolicy.h | 5 +
include/uapi/linux/mempolicy.h | 1 +
mm/mempolicy.c | 197 +++++++++++++++++-
4 files changed, 211 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst
index eca38fa81e0f..d2c8e712785b 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst
@@ -250,6 +250,17 @@ MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY
can fall back to all existing numa nodes. This is effectively
MPOL_PREFERRED allowed for a mask rather than a single node.
+MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE
+ This mode operates the same as MPOL_INTERLEAVE, except that
+ interleaving behavior is executed based on weights set in
+ /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/
+
+ Weighted interleave allocations pages on nodes according to
+ their weight. For example if nodes [0,1] are weighted [5,2]
+ respectively, 5 pages will be allocated on node0 for every
+ 2 pages allocated on node1. This can better distribute data
+ according to bandwidth on heterogeneous memory systems.
+
NUMA memory policy supports the following optional mode flags:
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
diff --git a/include/linux/mempolicy.h b/include/linux/mempolicy.h
index 931b118336f4..ba09167e80f7 100644
--- a/include/linux/mempolicy.h
+++ b/include/linux/mempolicy.h
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ struct mempolicy {
nodemask_t cpuset_mems_allowed; /* relative to these nodes */
nodemask_t user_nodemask; /* nodemask passed by user */
} w;
+
+ /* Weighted interleave settings */
+ struct {
+ unsigned char cur_weight;
+ } wil;
};
/*
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/mempolicy.h b/include/uapi/linux/mempolicy.h
index a8963f7ef4c2..1f9bb10d1a47 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/mempolicy.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/mempolicy.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ enum {
MPOL_INTERLEAVE,
MPOL_LOCAL,
MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY,
+ MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE,
MPOL_MAX, /* always last member of enum */
};
diff --git a/mm/mempolicy.c b/mm/mempolicy.c
index 28dfae195beb..b4d94646e6a2 100644
--- a/mm/mempolicy.c
+++ b/mm/mempolicy.c
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ static struct mempolicy *mpol_new(unsigned short mode, unsigned short flags,
policy->mode = mode;
policy->flags = flags;
policy->home_node = NUMA_NO_NODE;
+ policy->wil.cur_weight = 0;
return policy;
}
@@ -417,6 +418,10 @@ static const struct mempolicy_operations mpol_ops[MPOL_MAX] = {
.create = mpol_new_nodemask,
.rebind = mpol_rebind_preferred,
},
+ [MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE] = {
+ .create = mpol_new_nodemask,
+ .rebind = mpol_rebind_nodemask,
+ },
};
static bool migrate_folio_add(struct folio *folio, struct list_head *foliolist,
@@ -838,7 +843,8 @@ static long do_set_mempolicy(unsigned short mode, unsigned short flags,
old = current->mempolicy;
current->mempolicy = new;
- if (new && new->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE)
+ if (new && (new->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE ||
+ new->mode == MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE))
current->il_prev = MAX_NUMNODES-1;
task_unlock(current);
mpol_put(old);
@@ -864,6 +870,7 @@ static void get_policy_nodemask(struct mempolicy *pol, nodemask_t *nodes)
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
case MPOL_PREFERRED:
case MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY:
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
*nodes = pol->nodes;
break;
case MPOL_LOCAL:
@@ -948,6 +955,13 @@ static long do_get_mempolicy(int *policy, nodemask_t *nmask,
} else if (pol == current->mempolicy &&
pol->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE) {
*policy = next_node_in(current->il_prev, pol->nodes);
+ } else if (pol == current->mempolicy &&
+ (pol->mode == MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE)) {
+ if (pol->wil.cur_weight)
+ *policy = current->il_prev;
+ else
+ *policy = next_node_in(current->il_prev,
+ pol->nodes);
} else {
err = -EINVAL;
goto out;
@@ -1777,7 +1791,8 @@ struct mempolicy *get_vma_policy(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
pol = __get_vma_policy(vma, addr, ilx);
if (!pol)
pol = get_task_policy(current);
- if (pol->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE) {
+ if (pol->mode == MPOL_INTERLEAVE ||
+ pol->mode == MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE) {
*ilx += vma->vm_pgoff >> order;
*ilx += (addr - vma->vm_start) >> (PAGE_SHIFT + order);
}
@@ -1827,6 +1842,24 @@ bool apply_policy_zone(struct mempolicy *policy, enum zone_type zone)
return zone >= dynamic_policy_zone;
}
+static unsigned int weighted_interleave_nodes(struct mempolicy *policy)
+{
+ unsigned int next;
+ struct task_struct *me = current;
+
+ next = next_node_in(me->il_prev, policy->nodes);
+ if (next == MAX_NUMNODES)
+ return next;
+
+ if (!policy->wil.cur_weight)
+ policy->wil.cur_weight = iw_table[next];
+
+ policy->wil.cur_weight--;
+ if (!policy->wil.cur_weight)
+ me->il_prev = next;
+ return next;
+}
+
/* Do dynamic interleaving for a process */
static unsigned int interleave_nodes(struct mempolicy *policy)
{
@@ -1861,6 +1894,9 @@ unsigned int mempolicy_slab_node(void)
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
return interleave_nodes(policy);
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
+ return weighted_interleave_nodes(policy);
+
case MPOL_BIND:
case MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY:
{
@@ -1885,6 +1921,41 @@ unsigned int mempolicy_slab_node(void)
}
}
+static unsigned int weighted_interleave_nid(struct mempolicy *pol, pgoff_t ilx)
+{
+ nodemask_t nodemask = pol->nodes;
+ unsigned int target, weight_total = 0;
+ int nid;
+ unsigned char weights[MAX_NUMNODES];
+ unsigned char weight;
+
+ barrier();
+
+ /* first ensure we have a valid nodemask */
+ nid = first_node(nodemask);
+ if (nid == MAX_NUMNODES)
+ return nid;
+
+ /* Then collect weights on stack and calculate totals */
+ for_each_node_mask(nid, nodemask) {
+ weight = iw_table[nid];
+ weight_total += weight;
+ weights[nid] = weight;
+ }
+
+ /* Finally, calculate the node offset based on totals */
+ target = (unsigned int)ilx % weight_total;
+ nid = first_node(nodemask);
+ while (target) {
+ weight = weights[nid];
+ if (target < weight)
+ break;
+ target -= weight;
+ nid = next_node_in(nid, nodemask);
+ }
+ return nid;
+}
+
/*
* Do static interleaving for interleave index @ilx. Returns the ilx'th
* node in pol->nodes (starting from ilx=0), wrapping around if ilx
@@ -1953,6 +2024,11 @@ static nodemask_t *policy_nodemask(gfp_t gfp, struct mempolicy *pol,
*nid = (ilx == NO_INTERLEAVE_INDEX) ?
interleave_nodes(pol) : interleave_nid(pol, ilx);
break;
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
+ *nid = (ilx == NO_INTERLEAVE_INDEX) ?
+ weighted_interleave_nodes(pol) :
+ weighted_interleave_nid(pol, ilx);
+ break;
}
return nodemask;
@@ -2014,6 +2090,7 @@ bool init_nodemask_of_mempolicy(nodemask_t *mask)
case MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY:
case MPOL_BIND:
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
*mask = mempolicy->nodes;
break;
@@ -2113,7 +2190,8 @@ struct page *alloc_pages_mpol(gfp_t gfp, unsigned int order,
* If the policy is interleave or does not allow the current
* node in its nodemask, we allocate the standard way.
*/
- if (pol->mode != MPOL_INTERLEAVE &&
+ if ((pol->mode != MPOL_INTERLEAVE &&
+ pol->mode != MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE) &&
(!nodemask || node_isset(nid, *nodemask))) {
/*
* First, try to allocate THP only on local node, but
@@ -2249,6 +2327,106 @@ static unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_array_interleave(gfp_t gfp,
return total_allocated;
}
+static unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_array_weighted_interleave(gfp_t gfp,
+ struct mempolicy *pol, unsigned long nr_pages,
+ struct page **page_array)
+{
+ struct task_struct *me = current;
+ unsigned long total_allocated = 0;
+ unsigned long nr_allocated;
+ unsigned long rounds;
+ unsigned long node_pages, delta;
+ unsigned char weight;
+ unsigned char weights[MAX_NUMNODES];
+ unsigned int weight_total;
+ unsigned long rem_pages = nr_pages;
+ nodemask_t nodes = pol->nodes;
+ int nnodes, node, prev_node;
+ int i;
+
+ /* Stabilize the nodemask on the stack */
+ barrier();
+
+ nnodes = nodes_weight(nodes);
+
+ /* Collect weights and save them on stack so they don't change */
+ for_each_node_mask(node, nodes) {
+ weight = iw_table[node];
+ weight_total += weight;
+ weights[node] = weight;
+ }
+
+ /* Continue allocating from most recent node and adjust the nr_pages */
+ if (pol->wil.cur_weight) {
+ node = next_node_in(me->il_prev, nodes);
+ node_pages = pol->wil.cur_weight;
+ if (node_pages > rem_pages)
+ node_pages = rem_pages;
+ nr_allocated = __alloc_pages_bulk(gfp, node, NULL, node_pages,
+ NULL, page_array);
+ page_array += nr_allocated;
+ total_allocated += nr_allocated;
+ /* if that's all the pages, no need to interleave */
+ if (rem_pages <= pol->wil.cur_weight) {
+ pol->wil.cur_weight -= rem_pages;
+ return total_allocated;
+ }
+ /* Otherwise we adjust nr_pages down, and continue from there */
+ rem_pages -= pol->wil.cur_weight;
+ pol->wil.cur_weight = 0;
+ prev_node = node;
+ }
+
+ /* Now we can continue allocating as if from 0 instead of an offset */
+ rounds = rem_pages / weight_total;
+ delta = rem_pages % weight_total;
+ for (i = 0; i < nnodes; i++) {
+ node = next_node_in(prev_node, nodes);
+ weight = weights[node];
+ node_pages = weight * rounds;
+ if (delta) {
+ if (delta > weight) {
+ node_pages += weight;
+ delta -= weight;
+ } else {
+ node_pages += delta;
+ delta = 0;
+ }
+ }
+ /* We may not make it all the way around */
+ if (!node_pages)
+ break;
+ /* If an over-allocation would occur, floor it */
+ if (node_pages + total_allocated > nr_pages) {
+ node_pages = nr_pages - total_allocated;
+ delta = 0;
+ }
+ nr_allocated = __alloc_pages_bulk(gfp, node, NULL, node_pages,
+ NULL, page_array);
+ page_array += nr_allocated;
+ total_allocated += nr_allocated;
+ prev_node = node;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Finally, we need to update me->il_prev and pol->wil.cur_weight
+ * if there were overflow pages, but not equivalent to the node
+ * weight, set the cur_weight to node_weight - delta and the
+ * me->il_prev to the previous node. Otherwise if it was perfect
+ * we can simply set il_prev to node and cur_weight to 0
+ */
+ if (node_pages) {
+ me->il_prev = prev_node;
+ node_pages %= weight;
+ pol->wil.cur_weight = weight - node_pages;
+ } else {
+ me->il_prev = node;
+ pol->wil.cur_weight = 0;
+ }
+
+ return total_allocated;
+}
+
static unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_array_preferred_many(gfp_t gfp, int nid,
struct mempolicy *pol, unsigned long nr_pages,
struct page **page_array)
@@ -2289,6 +2467,11 @@ unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_array_mempolicy(gfp_t gfp,
return alloc_pages_bulk_array_interleave(gfp, pol,
nr_pages, page_array);
+ if (pol->mode == MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE)
+ return alloc_pages_bulk_array_weighted_interleave(gfp, pol,
+ nr_pages,
+ page_array);
+
if (pol->mode == MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY)
return alloc_pages_bulk_array_preferred_many(gfp,
numa_node_id(), pol, nr_pages, page_array);
@@ -2364,6 +2547,7 @@ bool __mpol_equal(struct mempolicy *a, struct mempolicy *b)
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
case MPOL_PREFERRED:
case MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY:
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
return !!nodes_equal(a->nodes, b->nodes);
case MPOL_LOCAL:
return true;
@@ -2500,6 +2684,10 @@ int mpol_misplaced(struct folio *folio, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
polnid = interleave_nid(pol, ilx);
break;
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
+ polnid = weighted_interleave_nid(pol, ilx);
+ break;
+
case MPOL_PREFERRED:
if (node_isset(curnid, pol->nodes))
goto out;
@@ -2874,6 +3062,7 @@ static const char * const policy_modes[] =
[MPOL_PREFERRED] = "prefer",
[MPOL_BIND] = "bind",
[MPOL_INTERLEAVE] = "interleave",
+ [MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE] = "weighted interleave",
[MPOL_LOCAL] = "local",
[MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY] = "prefer (many)",
};
@@ -2933,6 +3122,7 @@ int mpol_parse_str(char *str, struct mempolicy **mpol)
}
break;
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
/*
* Default to online nodes with memory if no nodelist
*/
@@ -3043,6 +3233,7 @@ void mpol_to_str(char *buffer, int maxlen, struct mempolicy *pol)
case MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY:
case MPOL_BIND:
case MPOL_INTERLEAVE:
+ case MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE:
nodes = pol->nodes;
break;
default:
--
2.39.1Hi Gregory,
kernel test robot noticed the following build warnings:
[auto build test WARNING on akpm-mm/mm-everything]
[also build test WARNING on deller-parisc/for-next powerpc/next powerpc/fixes s390/features jcmvbkbc-xtensa/xtensa-for-next arnd-asm-generic/master linus/master v6.7-rc4 next-20231208]
[cannot apply to tip/x86/asm geert-m68k/for-next geert-m68k/for-linus]
[If your patch is applied to the wrong git tree, kindly drop us a note.
And when submitting patch, we suggest to use '--base' as documented in
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch#_base_tree_information]
url: https://github.com/intel-lab-lkp/linux/commits/Gregory-Price/mm-mempolicy-implement-the-sysfs-based-weighted_interleave-interface/20231209-150314
base: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm.git mm-everything
patch link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231209065931.3458-3-gregory.price%40memverge.com
patch subject: [PATCH v2 02/11] mm/mempolicy: introduce MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE for weighted interleaving
config: x86_64-rhel-8.3-rust (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20231210/202312100543.ix4jxw81-lkp@intel.com/config)
compiler: clang version 16.0.4 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git ae42196bc493ffe877a7e3dff8be32035dea4d07)
reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20231210/202312100543.ix4jxw81-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)
If you fix the issue in a separate patch/commit (i.e. not just a new version of
the same patch/commit), kindly add following tags
| Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
| Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202312100543.ix4jxw81-lkp@intel.com/
All warnings (new ones prefixed by >>):
>> mm/mempolicy.c:2355:3: warning: variable 'weight_total' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
weight_total += weight;
^~~~~~~~~~~~
mm/mempolicy.c:2341:27: note: initialize the variable 'weight_total' to silence this warning
unsigned int weight_total;
^
= 0
1 warning generated.
vim +/weight_total +2355 mm/mempolicy.c
2329
2330 static unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_array_weighted_interleave(gfp_t gfp,
2331 struct mempolicy *pol, unsigned long nr_pages,
2332 struct page **page_array)
2333 {
2334 struct task_struct *me = current;
2335 unsigned long total_allocated = 0;
2336 unsigned long nr_allocated;
2337 unsigned long rounds;
2338 unsigned long node_pages, delta;
2339 unsigned char weight;
2340 unsigned char weights[MAX_NUMNODES];
2341 unsigned int weight_total;
2342 unsigned long rem_pages = nr_pages;
2343 nodemask_t nodes = pol->nodes;
2344 int nnodes, node, prev_node;
2345 int i;
2346
2347 /* Stabilize the nodemask on the stack */
2348 barrier();
2349
2350 nnodes = nodes_weight(nodes);
2351
2352 /* Collect weights and save them on stack so they don't change */
2353 for_each_node_mask(node, nodes) {
2354 weight = iw_table[node];
> 2355 weight_total += weight;
2356 weights[node] = weight;
2357 }
2358
2359 /* Continue allocating from most recent node and adjust the nr_pages */
2360 if (pol->wil.cur_weight) {
2361 node = next_node_in(me->il_prev, nodes);
2362 node_pages = pol->wil.cur_weight;
2363 if (node_pages > rem_pages)
2364 node_pages = rem_pages;
2365 nr_allocated = __alloc_pages_bulk(gfp, node, NULL, node_pages,
2366 NULL, page_array);
2367 page_array += nr_allocated;
2368 total_allocated += nr_allocated;
2369 /* if that's all the pages, no need to interleave */
2370 if (rem_pages <= pol->wil.cur_weight) {
2371 pol->wil.cur_weight -= rem_pages;
2372 return total_allocated;
2373 }
2374 /* Otherwise we adjust nr_pages down, and continue from there */
2375 rem_pages -= pol->wil.cur_weight;
2376 pol->wil.cur_weight = 0;
2377 prev_node = node;
2378 }
2379
2380 /* Now we can continue allocating as if from 0 instead of an offset */
2381 rounds = rem_pages / weight_total;
2382 delta = rem_pages % weight_total;
2383 for (i = 0; i < nnodes; i++) {
2384 node = next_node_in(prev_node, nodes);
2385 weight = weights[node];
2386 node_pages = weight * rounds;
2387 if (delta) {
2388 if (delta > weight) {
2389 node_pages += weight;
2390 delta -= weight;
2391 } else {
2392 node_pages += delta;
2393 delta = 0;
2394 }
2395 }
2396 /* We may not make it all the way around */
2397 if (!node_pages)
2398 break;
2399 /* If an over-allocation would occur, floor it */
2400 if (node_pages + total_allocated > nr_pages) {
2401 node_pages = nr_pages - total_allocated;
2402 delta = 0;
2403 }
2404 nr_allocated = __alloc_pages_bulk(gfp, node, NULL, node_pages,
2405 NULL, page_array);
2406 page_array += nr_allocated;
2407 total_allocated += nr_allocated;
2408 prev_node = node;
2409 }
2410
2411 /*
2412 * Finally, we need to update me->il_prev and pol->wil.cur_weight
2413 * if there were overflow pages, but not equivalent to the node
2414 * weight, set the cur_weight to node_weight - delta and the
2415 * me->il_prev to the previous node. Otherwise if it was perfect
2416 * we can simply set il_prev to node and cur_weight to 0
2417 */
2418 if (node_pages) {
2419 me->il_prev = prev_node;
2420 node_pages %= weight;
2421 pol->wil.cur_weight = weight - node_pages;
2422 } else {
2423 me->il_prev = node;
2424 pol->wil.cur_weight = 0;
2425 }
2426
2427 return total_allocated;
2428 }
2429
--
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