From nobody Wed Apr 1 23:29:50 2026 Received: from foss.arm.com (foss.arm.com [217.140.110.172]) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 097C63E123E; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 10:16:48 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1775038610; cv=none; b=cbqATAZv4TAVss0aFkPu/DhZ5GNb1uD2OuL72DvIjNZR7AvkXhDGjmVVPXYkc1klYpll7rRjlmLEzy63zPk/m13j+gGhMRTEIqwH18UYAohIGQlO/wDO9I/g8cgS5+jjy+Z4+4LqluXzCDqfXhlvH1YqS1xL61bPkMaWhfN+Lpg= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1775038610; c=relaxed/simple; bh=JN9LORaGNR5ojKf5taVlBlY4Jfmvak7f5Q0huNC9Lxc=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: MIME-Version; b=Nu6MEu6wg2dfnRKJrYHjsy53kQlW7Vmh7ggfLQY9/LNl0NFCghRF1RUs7sGG3it2nqBPz7Lmo3+Pfp3M5Fv9ToFB0+/gQn3sc7u9UC6vIlXhc/qzNSL4PcqBx4dq1umMQmwQIDxhYIiGXmGxWH182gAdeLm4IPlFeGnP/MWfBsk= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com; dkim=pass (1024-bit key) header.d=arm.com header.i=@arm.com header.b=J3ZvvhvS; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (1024-bit key) header.d=arm.com header.i=@arm.com header.b="J3ZvvhvS" Received: from usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (unknown [10.121.207.14]) by usa-sjc-mx-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8EF531D6F; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 03:16:42 -0700 (PDT) Received: from e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com (e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com [10.1.194.63]) by usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTPA id BE5113F915; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 03:16:44 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=simple/simple; d=arm.com; s=foss; t=1775038608; bh=JN9LORaGNR5ojKf5taVlBlY4Jfmvak7f5Q0huNC9Lxc=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:In-Reply-To:References:From; b=J3ZvvhvS5wYUqXMwy+7NYijG7V8U8N0NDsmuyJenhOfNbI8l9eBSxdkAeeRg2JbwO m8VgEddfAHiltE68rHFMvilRC6Sv64l+BoIyAQ0yIOchzhzz7YOqqp4gMGGeVneb+m 7iQ7kcadOsArvnpyjFsn9pEtiCePhtQFliyRYVm8= From: Muhammad Usama Anjum To: Andrew Morton , David Hildenbrand , Lorenzo Stoakes , "Liam R . Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Brendan Jackman , Johannes Weiner , Zi Yan , Uladzislau Rezki , Nick Terrell , David Sterba , Vishal Moola , linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, bpf@vger.kernel.org, Ryan.Roberts@arm.com, david.hildenbrand@arm.com Cc: Ryan Roberts , usama.anjum@arm.com Subject: [PATCH v6 2/3] vmalloc: Optimize vfree with free_pages_bulk() Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 11:16:20 +0100 Message-ID: <20260401101634.2868165-3-usama.anjum@arm.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.47.3 In-Reply-To: <20260401101634.2868165-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> References: <20260401101634.2868165-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Ryan Roberts Whenever vmalloc allocates high order pages (e.g. for a huge mapping) it must immediately split_page() to order-0 so that it remains compatible with users that want to access the underlying struct page. Commit a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allocator") recently made it much more likely for vmalloc to allocate high order pages which are subsequently split to order-0. Unfortunately this had the side effect of causing performance regressions for tight vmalloc/vfree loops (e.g. test_vmalloc.ko benchmarks). See Closes: tag. This happens because the high order pages must be gotten from the buddy but then because they are split to order-0, when they are freed they are freed to the order-0 pcp. Previously allocation was for order-0 pages so they were recycled from the pcp. It would be preferable if when vmalloc allocates an (e.g.) order-3 page that it also frees that order-3 page to the order-3 pcp, then the regression could be removed. So let's do exactly that; update stats separately first as coalescing is hard to do correctly without complexity. Use free_pages_bulk() which uses the new __free_contig_range() API to batch-free contiguous ranges of pfns. This not only removes the regression, but significantly improves performance of vfree beyond the baseline. A selection of test_vmalloc benchmarks running on arm64 server class system. mm-new is the baseline. Commit a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allocator") was added in v6.19-rc1 where we see regressions. Then with this change performance is much better. (>0 is faster, <0 is slower, (R)/(I) =3D statistically significant Regression/Improvement): +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------= --+-------------------+--------------------+ | Benchmark | Result Class = | mm-new | this series | +=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D+=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D+ | micromm/vmalloc | fix_align_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 1331843.33 | (I) 67.17% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 415907.33 | -5.14% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:4, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 755448.00 | (I) 53.55% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:16, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 1591331.33 | (I) 57.26% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:16, h:1, l:500000 (usec) = | 1594345.67 | (I) 68.46% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:64, h:0, l:100000 (usec) = | 1071826.00 | (I) 79.27% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:64, h:1, l:100000 (usec) = | 1018385.00 | (I) 84.17% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:256, h:0, l:100000 (usec) = | 3970899.67 | (I) 77.01% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:256, h:1, l:100000 (usec) = | 3821788.67 | (I) 89.44% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:512, h:0, l:100000 (usec) = | 7795968.00 | (I) 82.67% | | | fix_size_alloc_test: p:512, h:1, l:100000 (usec) = | 6530169.67 | (I) 118.09% | | | full_fit_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 626808.33 | -0.98% | | | kvfree_rcu_1_arg_vmalloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec= ) | 532145.67 | -1.68% | | | kvfree_rcu_2_arg_vmalloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec= ) | 537032.67 | -0.96% | | | long_busy_list_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 8805069.00 | (I) 74.58% | | | pcpu_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 500824.67 | 4.35% | | | random_size_align_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec)= | 1637554.67 | (I) 76.99% | | | random_size_alloc_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 4556288.67 | (I) 72.23% | | | vm_map_ram_test: p:1, h:0, l:500000 (usec) = | 107371.00 | -0.70% | +-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------= --+-------------------+--------------------+ Fixes: a06157804399 ("mm/vmalloc: request large order pages from buddy allo= cator") Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/66919a28-bc81-49c9-b68f-dd7c73395a0d@ar= m.com/ Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka (SUSE) Acked-by: Zi Yan Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts Co-developed-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum Signed-off-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum Acked-by: David Hildenbrand (Arm) Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) --- Changes since v5: - Change subject Changes since v4: - Use num_pages_contiguous() instead of raw loop Changes since v3: - Add kerneldoc comment and update description - Add tag Changes since v2: - Remove BUG_ON in favour of simple implementation as this has never been seen to output any bug in the past as well - Move the free loop to separate function, free_pages_bulk() - Update stats, lruvec_stat in separate loop Changes since v1: - Rebase on mm-new - Rerun benchmarks --- include/linux/gfp.h | 2 ++ mm/page_alloc.c | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ mm/vmalloc.c | 16 +++++----------- 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/gfp.h b/include/linux/gfp.h index 7c1f9da7c8e56..71f9097ab99a0 100644 --- a/include/linux/gfp.h +++ b/include/linux/gfp.h @@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_noprof(gfp_t gfp, int pr= eferred_nid, struct page **page_array); #define __alloc_pages_bulk(...) alloc_hooks(alloc_pages_bulk_noprof(__VA= _ARGS__)) =20 +void free_pages_bulk(struct page **page_array, unsigned long nr_pages); + unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_mempolicy_noprof(gfp_t gfp, unsigned long nr_pages, struct page **page_array); diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c index fb4522ba51faf..6568af69b5cdb 100644 --- a/mm/page_alloc.c +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c @@ -5175,6 +5175,34 @@ unsigned long alloc_pages_bulk_noprof(gfp_t gfp, int= preferred_nid, } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(alloc_pages_bulk_noprof); =20 +/* + * free_pages_bulk - Free an array of order-0 pages + * @page_array: Array of pages to free + * @nr_pages: The number of pages in the array + * + * Free the order-0 pages. Adjacent entries whose PFNs form a contiguous + * run are released with a single __free_contig_range() call. + * + * This assumes page_array is sorted in ascending PFN order. Without that, + * the function still frees all pages, but contiguous runs may not be + * detected and the freeing pattern can degrade to freeing one page at a + * time. + * + * Context: Sleepable process context only; calls cond_resched() + */ +void free_pages_bulk(struct page **page_array, unsigned long nr_pages) +{ + while (nr_pages) { + unsigned long nr_contig =3D num_pages_contiguous(page_array, nr_pages); + + __free_contig_range(page_to_pfn(*page_array), nr_contig); + + nr_pages -=3D nr_contig; + page_array +=3D nr_contig; + cond_resched(); + } +} + /* * This is the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator. */ diff --git a/mm/vmalloc.c b/mm/vmalloc.c index c607307c657a6..e9b3d6451e48b 100644 --- a/mm/vmalloc.c +++ b/mm/vmalloc.c @@ -3459,19 +3459,13 @@ void vfree(const void *addr) =20 if (unlikely(vm->flags & VM_FLUSH_RESET_PERMS)) vm_reset_perms(vm); - for (i =3D 0; i < vm->nr_pages; i++) { - struct page *page =3D vm->pages[i]; =20 - BUG_ON(!page); - /* - * High-order allocs for huge vmallocs are split, so - * can be freed as an array of order-0 allocations - */ - if (!(vm->flags & VM_MAP_PUT_PAGES)) - mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_VMALLOC, -1); - __free_page(page); - cond_resched(); + if (!(vm->flags & VM_MAP_PUT_PAGES)) { + for (i =3D 0; i < vm->nr_pages; i++) + mod_lruvec_page_state(vm->pages[i], NR_VMALLOC, -1); } + free_pages_bulk(vm->pages, vm->nr_pages); + kvfree(vm->pages); kfree(vm); } --=20 2.47.3