From nobody Wed Apr 1 23:29:28 2026 Received: from foss.arm.com (foss.arm.com [217.140.110.172]) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 031393E1CE0; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 10:16:44 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1775038606; cv=none; b=Zktc7pBD4gqEcHAIso7RpeEBPF/7v48uNHSKHEC/bdN/DKgTjtFiWiIoD8j6kHRvlOWMwwYuwLlY5YqdftIa0ccaZzQtf2myuub5oi09ZRlpO1vgnPXYs/2eC85k7SC4YpTEtaE/ep2BrtHBlVk0NxSwQQpmtgmx/+Vvyln7zRA= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1775038606; c=relaxed/simple; bh=0JrPBbUEILKlkzzVRySmRRkXeTkDPPQrLu5lAYwrLqQ=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: MIME-Version; b=HsyHr0IWNlWuy5abuWQjtLSaVSpTRl59hLd66pU4GzJRGO3cuvgl7rzqD+HfDlpohIDTzqXErB+BCbjGlvs8d6+Eu9H06uRU2IGN2ik8cUmfP48jWs/wUlcXGCGxGwBfxLXFGuqxcxSvR+1Pq+52PYnkfSH+pPsaY///mFaxSuo= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com; dkim=pass (1024-bit key) header.d=arm.com header.i=@arm.com header.b=jqmpeQDu; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.140.110.172 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=arm.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=arm.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (1024-bit key) header.d=arm.com header.i=@arm.com header.b="jqmpeQDu" Received: from usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (unknown [10.121.207.14]) by usa-sjc-mx-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8B3BE1D6F; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 03:16:38 -0700 (PDT) Received: from e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com (e142334-100.cambridge.arm.com [10.1.194.63]) by usa-sjc-imap-foss1.foss.arm.com (Postfix) with ESMTPA id B6DC53F915; Wed, 1 Apr 2026 03:16:40 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=simple/simple; d=arm.com; s=foss; t=1775038604; bh=0JrPBbUEILKlkzzVRySmRRkXeTkDPPQrLu5lAYwrLqQ=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:In-Reply-To:References:From; b=jqmpeQDuKTs1762cDsXeGSPGxFyE5mhGSUCCrOK5bDj8azFxqNAbrqPU9KxWeEpni JoeSlgw3x+7TaqYG1qLZZTFBotmcGT32u/pJmU5lkuTfHQhRwjEjoysu5hgfms1GWb M0B9QZE8jBV9c1FSlI+suZnUjXWPRJsSEvkRJOAg= From: Muhammad Usama Anjum To: Andrew Morton , David Hildenbrand , Lorenzo Stoakes , "Liam R . Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Brendan Jackman , Johannes Weiner , Zi Yan , Uladzislau Rezki , Nick Terrell , David Sterba , Vishal Moola , linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, bpf@vger.kernel.org, Ryan.Roberts@arm.com, david.hildenbrand@arm.com Cc: Ryan Roberts , usama.anjum@arm.com Subject: [PATCH v6 1/3] mm/page_alloc: Optimize free_contig_range() Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 11:16:19 +0100 Message-ID: <20260401101634.2868165-2-usama.anjum@arm.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.47.3 In-Reply-To: <20260401101634.2868165-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> References: <20260401101634.2868165-1-usama.anjum@arm.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Ryan Roberts Decompose the range of order-0 pages to be freed into the set of largest possible power-of-2 size and aligned chunks and free them to the pcp or buddy. This improves on the previous approach which freed each order-0 page individually in a loop. Testing shows performance to be improved by more than 10x in some cases. Since each page is order-0, we must decrement each page's reference count individually and only consider the page for freeing as part of a high order chunk if the reference count goes to zero. Additionally free_pages_prepare() must be called for each individual order-0 page too, so that the struct page state and global accounting state can be appropriately managed. But once this is done, the resulting high order chunks can be freed as a unit to the pcp or buddy. This significantly speeds up the free operation but also has the side benefit that high order blocks are added to the pcp instead of each page ending up on the pcp order-0 list; memory remains more readily available in high orders. vmalloc will shortly become a user of this new optimized free_contig_range() since it aggressively allocates high order non-compound pages, but then calls split_page() to end up with contiguous order-0 pages. These can now be freed much more efficiently. The execution time of the following function was measured in a server class arm64 machine: static int page_alloc_high_order_test(void) { unsigned int order =3D HPAGE_PMD_ORDER; struct page *page; int i; for (i =3D 0; i < 100000; i++) { page =3D alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL, order); if (!page) return -1; split_page(page, order); free_contig_range(page_to_pfn(page), 1UL << order); } return 0; } Execution time before: 4097358 usec Execution time after: 729831 usec Perf trace before: 99.63% 0.00% kthreadd [kernel.kallsyms] [.] kthread | ---kthread 0xffffb33c12a26af8 | |--98.13%--0xffffb33c12a26060 | | | |--97.37%--free_contig_range | | | | | |--94.93%--___free_pages | | | | | | | |--55.42%--__free_frozen_pa= ges | | | | | | | | | --43.20%--free_= frozen_page_commit | | | | | | | | | --35= .37%--_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore | | | | | | | |--11.53%--_raw_spin_trylock | | | | | | | |--8.19%--__preempt_count_d= ec_and_test | | | | | | | |--5.64%--_raw_spin_unlock | | | | | | | |--2.37%--__get_pfnblock_fl= ags_mask.isra.0 | | | | | | | --1.07%--free_frozen_page_= commit | | | | | --1.54%--__free_frozen_pages | | | --0.77%--___free_pages | --0.98%--0xffffb33c12a26078 alloc_pages_noprof Perf trace after: 8.42% 2.90% kthreadd [kernel.kallsyms] [k] __free= _contig_range | |--5.52%--__free_contig_range | | | |--5.00%--free_prepared_contig_range | | | | | |--1.43%--__free_frozen_pages | | | | | | | --0.51%--free_frozen_page_com= mit | | | | | |--1.08%--_raw_spin_trylock | | | | | --0.89%--_raw_spin_unlock | | | --0.52%--free_pages_prepare | --2.90%--ret_from_fork kthread 0xffffae1c12abeaf8 0xffffae1c12abe7a0 | --2.69%--vfree __free_contig_range Acked-by: David Hildenbrand (Arm) Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka (SUSE) Reviewed-by: Zi Yan Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts Co-developed-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum Signed-off-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum --- Changes since v5: - Move page_to_pfn() outside the loop in free_prepared_contig_range() Changes since v4: - Move can_free initialization inside the loop - Make __free_pages_prepare() static on reviewer's request - Remove export of __free_contig_range - Use pfn_to_page() for each pfn instead of page++ Changes since v3: - Move __free_contig_range() to more generic __free_contig_range_common() which will used to free frozen pages as well - Simplify the loop in __free_contig_range_common() - Rewrite the comment Changes since v2: - Handle different possible section boundries in __free_contig_range() - Drop the TODO - Remove return value from __free_contig_range() - Remove non-functional change from __free_pages_ok() Changes since v1: - Rebase on mm-new - Move FPI_PREPARED check inside __free_pages_prepare() now that fpi_flags are already being passed. - Add todo (Zi Yan) - Rerun benchmarks - Convert VM_BUG_ON_PAGE() to VM_WARN_ON_ONCE() - Rework order calculation in free_prepared_contig_range() and use MAX_PAGE_ORDER as high limit instead of pageblock_order as it must be up to internal __free_frozen_pages() how it frees them --- include/linux/gfp.h | 2 + mm/page_alloc.c | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/gfp.h b/include/linux/gfp.h index f82d74a77cad8..7c1f9da7c8e56 100644 --- a/include/linux/gfp.h +++ b/include/linux/gfp.h @@ -467,6 +467,8 @@ void free_contig_frozen_range(unsigned long pfn, unsign= ed long nr_pages); void free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages); #endif =20 +void __free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages); + DEFINE_FREE(free_page, void *, free_page((unsigned long)_T)) =20 #endif /* __LINUX_GFP_H */ diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c index 75ee81445640b..fb4522ba51faf 100644 --- a/mm/page_alloc.c +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c @@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ typedef int __bitwise fpi_t; /* Free the page without taking locks. Rely on trylock only. */ #define FPI_TRYLOCK ((__force fpi_t)BIT(2)) =20 +/* free_pages_prepare() has already been called for page(s) being freed. */ +#define FPI_PREPARED ((__force fpi_t)BIT(3)) + /* prevent >1 _updater_ of zone percpu pageset ->high and ->batch fields */ static DEFINE_MUTEX(pcp_batch_high_lock); #define MIN_PERCPU_PAGELIST_HIGH_FRACTION (8) @@ -1301,8 +1304,8 @@ static inline void pgalloc_tag_sub_pages(struct alloc= _tag *tag, unsigned int nr) =20 #endif /* CONFIG_MEM_ALLOC_PROFILING */ =20 -__always_inline bool __free_pages_prepare(struct page *page, - unsigned int order, fpi_t fpi_flags) +static __always_inline bool __free_pages_prepare(struct page *page, + unsigned int order, fpi_t fpi_flags) { int bad =3D 0; bool skip_kasan_poison =3D should_skip_kasan_poison(page); @@ -1310,6 +1313,9 @@ __always_inline bool __free_pages_prepare(struct page= *page, bool compound =3D PageCompound(page); struct folio *folio =3D page_folio(page); =20 + if (fpi_flags & FPI_PREPARED) + return true; + VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageTail(page), page); =20 trace_mm_page_free(page, order); @@ -6784,6 +6790,105 @@ void __init page_alloc_sysctl_init(void) register_sysctl_init("vm", page_alloc_sysctl_table); } =20 +static void free_prepared_contig_range(struct page *page, + unsigned long nr_pages) +{ + unsigned long pfn =3D page_to_pfn(page); + + while (nr_pages) { + unsigned int order; + + /* We are limited by the largest buddy order. */ + order =3D pfn ? __ffs(pfn) : MAX_PAGE_ORDER; + /* Don't exceed the number of pages to free. */ + order =3D min_t(unsigned int, order, ilog2(nr_pages)); + order =3D min_t(unsigned int, order, MAX_PAGE_ORDER); + + /* + * Free the chunk as a single block. Our caller has already + * called free_pages_prepare() for each order-0 page. + */ + __free_frozen_pages(page, order, FPI_PREPARED); + + pfn +=3D 1UL << order; + page +=3D 1UL << order; + nr_pages -=3D 1UL << order; + } +} + +static void __free_contig_range_common(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr= _pages, + bool is_frozen) +{ + struct page *page, *start =3D NULL; + unsigned long nr_start =3D 0; + unsigned long start_sec; + unsigned long i; + + for (i =3D 0; i < nr_pages; i++) { + bool can_free =3D true; + + /* + * Contiguous PFNs might not have contiguous "struct pages" + * in some kernel configs: page++ across a section boundary + * is undefined. Use pfn_to_page() for each PFN. + */ + page =3D pfn_to_page(pfn + i); + + VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(PageHead(page)); + VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(PageTail(page)); + + if (!is_frozen) + can_free =3D put_page_testzero(page); + + if (can_free) + can_free =3D free_pages_prepare(page, 0); + + if (!can_free) { + if (start) { + free_prepared_contig_range(start, i - nr_start); + start =3D NULL; + } + continue; + } + + if (start && memdesc_section(page->flags) !=3D start_sec) { + free_prepared_contig_range(start, i - nr_start); + start =3D page; + nr_start =3D i; + start_sec =3D memdesc_section(page->flags); + } else if (!start) { + start =3D page; + nr_start =3D i; + start_sec =3D memdesc_section(page->flags); + } + } + + if (start) + free_prepared_contig_range(start, nr_pages - nr_start); +} + +/** + * __free_contig_range - Free contiguous range of order-0 pages. + * @pfn: Page frame number of the first page in the range. + * @nr_pages: Number of pages to free. + * + * For each order-0 struct page in the physically contiguous range, put a + * reference. Free any page who's reference count falls to zero. The + * implementation is functionally equivalent to, but significantly faster = than + * calling __free_page() for each struct page in a loop. + * + * Memory allocated with alloc_pages(order>=3D1) then subsequently split to + * order-0 with split_page() is an example of appropriate contiguous pages= that + * can be freed with this API. + * + * Context: May be called in interrupt context or while holding a normal + * spinlock, but not in NMI context or while holding a raw spinlock. + */ +void __free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages) +{ + __free_contig_range_common(pfn, nr_pages, /* is_frozen=3D */ false); +} + #ifdef CONFIG_CONTIG_ALLOC /* Usage: See admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst */ static void alloc_contig_dump_pages(struct list_head *page_list) @@ -7330,8 +7435,7 @@ void free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned lo= ng nr_pages) if (WARN_ON_ONCE(PageHead(pfn_to_page(pfn)))) return; =20 - for (; nr_pages--; pfn++) - __free_page(pfn_to_page(pfn)); + __free_contig_range(pfn, nr_pages); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(free_contig_range); #endif /* CONFIG_CONTIG_ALLOC */ --=20 2.47.3