From nobody Mon Feb 9 04:59:01 2026 Received: from mail-dl1-f74.google.com (mail-dl1-f74.google.com [74.125.82.74]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 (128/128 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 04E39357A20 for ; Wed, 14 Jan 2026 20:53:08 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=74.125.82.74 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1768423991; cv=none; b=nSU2DaihscBk4ybZLAZrNF41/TGZ+jDy7ZpS9stw6eBuFDQl+6fsl6YW8te1qbjN7ArEWxBGuHYbjw6y36G2RsrFtodt3D595MIXIwluullcHpWcMMXyuYByHFUX/FqD87NAGdLmuBl4lxkMgkNnQ9rDXBKwqnZOpHxYcbBsVwc= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1768423991; c=relaxed/simple; bh=/rBZx0YB0gt6V8TOLopN22zzR/+Lt5sTM5XFhgihwvY=; h=Date:In-Reply-To:Mime-Version:References:Message-ID:Subject:From: To:Cc:Content-Type; b=ggWcAWmpSnoJNwyr3UmB89JUP8jnwlLPz1tnG5RWKF7/KINVLW/2ybtjlnessP1blCFY5FScY82zPMyIL2+FODGdCMtLTEKZZVmW3eScPS9Lq9AP5gaTd2tLnIU3nsko/T8RdItQkHjOnQYNy6wWxFYkrp5LNzOXJnStni0jX9Y= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=reject dis=none) header.from=google.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=flex--bingjiao.bounces.google.com; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=google.com header.i=@google.com header.b=WgHwFUEX; arc=none smtp.client-ip=74.125.82.74 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=reject dis=none) header.from=google.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=flex--bingjiao.bounces.google.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=google.com header.i=@google.com header.b="WgHwFUEX" Received: by mail-dl1-f74.google.com with SMTP id a92af1059eb24-11b94abc09dso342451c88.1 for ; Wed, 14 Jan 2026 12:53:08 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=google.com; s=20230601; t=1768423988; x=1769028788; darn=vger.kernel.org; h=cc:to:from:subject:message-id:references:mime-version:in-reply-to :date:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=rx4GaMs2Q/4qfts+N5AuEA3y8Pe+7VCYzOqGGqst5P0=; b=WgHwFUEXpQX7FR30gL+uIhWZe6EF0Uj92v5+OaPp+1un5QQHufWwXwhd0Xr13cQXlN /HPqIqBpm9WwAggv4de/MP4vpu8tuPWqfpblsEGtosKOwlkM1SQ9lafSRoSYpLm++043 EPaPRVaAYVgLFO+AjNHua5aif5a29q1qlJ0sNiasJmyPPEmRjIPf/7ptjddX1GC/TBvu A/ja9WvNS7itWAjQ/EdmJ7Q8F7EIlkx+hsuJipZ3wQmRdxOlBp23kc7AxVXMibpeVJed EG9P4WvPOXHKCUT9w+ZpFCbRn1FGFc4rB/WCz8JeOViEdAgwTCivIcJ6nYmZbycvEJ5k tayQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1768423988; x=1769028788; h=cc:to:from:subject:message-id:references:mime-version:in-reply-to :date:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=rx4GaMs2Q/4qfts+N5AuEA3y8Pe+7VCYzOqGGqst5P0=; b=fsd3uxR7SGWz08ElGT6hQE9S4vP4fLdl8udXfX9VYhFHmIHmsMLl1XjA64ImjEi1qS YdViB7vpjsRVjd5f01LvAWzlsGVuxfM9b9Hjaf+1uUhLFjOhN0LZH6YXuwVjk5Cmv+es Si4F5+ZMyl6duS1MTH2PftPq0T8Rt6/WwYLeKRTPXOorsru2Dg6eNwfmpbtujSkYdCFB fS3hg5OknV9gClICNFU2hb6W9b6Hs/tZcEwMp4GcE0nI6BT13Fe5TyQjtKSVz5TnlEuj 22vQDysvfxtBwr68UcgszPSUFAmDeWH+3LLKtZci6d7lzSLskjukPLhjqQ1LdZ4bR5CR 2BDg== X-Forwarded-Encrypted: i=1; AJvYcCXyAoMSRPIZPjJmejbfub2PtL5niIByNvVNoE1GofiU48Exgl6ynuQY9Edp6ma12R4itXjoctmhEJtdkxo=@vger.kernel.org X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0Yx5dtqhE0EmYtitY8xjm4aG0WC6TbBdwxlR8RHxRO0kxKbU2vdA sK9sUEaidlAHdP0PZTpkM8W8igHkX2LTQvwNWdAgpLQouHqhAhjL/zNSorz57kpHVGCGIrPicAF xNSDtZgAC00ynBA== X-Received: from dlbtu14.prod.google.com ([2002:a05:7022:3c0e:b0:11f:30f6:ea10]) (user=bingjiao job=prod-delivery.src-stubby-dispatcher) by 2002:a05:7022:418b:b0:11f:2c69:31 with SMTP id a92af1059eb24-123377660bfmr4150749c88.46.1768423988024; Wed, 14 Jan 2026 12:53:08 -0800 (PST) Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 20:53:02 +0000 In-Reply-To: <20260114205305.2869796-1-bingjiao@google.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: Mime-Version: 1.0 References: <20260114070053.2446770-1-bingjiao@google.com> <20260114205305.2869796-1-bingjiao@google.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.52.0.457.g6b5491de43-goog Message-ID: <20260114205305.2869796-2-bingjiao@google.com> Subject: [PATCH v9 1/2] mm/vmscan: fix demotion targets checks in reclaim/demotion From: Bing Jiao To: bingjiao@google.com Cc: Andrew Morton , David Hildenbrand , Lorenzo Stoakes , "Liam R. Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Axel Rasmussen , Yuanchu Xie , Wei Xu , Johannes Weiner , Qi Zheng , Shakeel Butt , Gregory Price , Joshua Hahn , muchun.song@linux.dev, roman.gushchin@linux.dev, tj@kernel.org, longman@redhat.com, chenridong@huaweicloud.com, linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, cgroups@vger.kernel.org Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Fix two bugs in demote_folio_list() and can_demote() due to incorrect demotion target checks against cpuset.mems_effective in reclaim/demotion. Commit 7d709f49babc ("vmscan,cgroup: apply mems_effective to reclaim") introduces the cpuset.mems_effective check and applies it to can_demote(). However: 1. It does not apply this check in demote_folio_list(), which leads to situations where pages are demoted to nodes that are explicitly excluded from the task's cpuset.mems. 2. It checks only the nodes in the immediate next demotion hierarchy and does not check all allowed demotion targets in can_demote(). This can cause pages to never be demoted if the nodes in the next demotion hierarchy are not set in mems_effective. These bugs break resource isolation provided by cpuset.mems. This is visible from userspace because pages can either fail to be demoted entirely or are demoted to nodes that are not allowed in multi-tier memory systems. To address these bugs, update cpuset_node_allowed() and mem_cgroup_node_allowed() to return effective_mems, allowing directly logic-and operation against demotion targets. Also update can_demote() and demote_folio_list() accordingly. Bug 1 reproduction: Assume a system with 4 nodes, where nodes 0-1 are top-tier and nodes 2-3 are far-tier memory. All nodes have equal capacity. Test script: echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/numa/demotion_enabled mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/test echo +cpuset > /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control echo "0-2" > /sys/fs/cgroup/test/cpuset.mems echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/test/cgroup.procs swapoff -a # Expectation: Should respect node 0-2 limit. # Observation: Node 3 shows significant allocation (MemFree drops) stress-ng --oomable --vm 1 --vm-bytes 150% --mbind 0,1 Bug 2 reproduction: Assume a system with 6 nodes, where nodes 0-2 are top-tier, node 3 is a far-tier node, and nodes 4-5 are the farthest-tier nodes. All nodes have equal capacity. Test script: echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/numa/demotion_enabled mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/test echo +cpuset > /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control echo "0-2,4-5" > /sys/fs/cgroup/test/cpuset.mems echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/test/cgroup.procs swapoff -a # Expectation: Pages are demoted to Nodes 4-5 # Observation: No pages are demoted before oom. stress-ng --oomable --vm 1 --vm-bytes 150% --mbind 0,1,2 Fixes: 7d709f49babc ("vmscan,cgroup: apply mems_effective to reclaim") Signed-off-by: Bing Jiao Cc: Acked-by: Shakeel Butt --- v7 -> v9: Minor updates in demote_folio_list() for better code logic. include/linux/cpuset.h | 6 ++--- include/linux/memcontrol.h | 6 ++--- kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------- mm/memcontrol.c | 16 +++++++++-- mm/vmscan.c | 34 +++++++++++++++--------- 5 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/cpuset.h b/include/linux/cpuset.h index a98d3330385c..631577384677 100644 --- a/include/linux/cpuset.h +++ b/include/linux/cpuset.h @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ static inline void set_mems_allowed(nodemask_t nodemask) task_unlock(current); } -extern bool cpuset_node_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, int nid); +extern void cpuset_nodes_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, nodemask_t *mask); #else /* !CONFIG_CPUSETS */ static inline bool cpusets_enabled(void) { return false; } @@ -301,9 +301,9 @@ static inline bool read_mems_allowed_retry(unsigned int= seq) return false; } -static inline bool cpuset_node_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, int nid) +static inline void cpuset_nodes_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, nodemask_t = *mask) { - return true; + nodes_copy(*mask, node_states[N_MEMORY]); } #endif /* !CONFIG_CPUSETS */ diff --git a/include/linux/memcontrol.h b/include/linux/memcontrol.h index 0651865a4564..412db7663357 100644 --- a/include/linux/memcontrol.h +++ b/include/linux/memcontrol.h @@ -1744,7 +1744,7 @@ static inline void count_objcg_events(struct obj_cgro= up *objcg, rcu_read_unlock(); } -bool mem_cgroup_node_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int nid); +void mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, nodemask_t *= mask); void mem_cgroup_show_protected_memory(struct mem_cgroup *memcg); @@ -1815,9 +1815,9 @@ static inline ino_t page_cgroup_ino(struct page *page) return 0; } -static inline bool mem_cgroup_node_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int n= id) +static inline void mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, + nodemask_t *mask) { - return true; } static inline void mem_cgroup_show_protected_memory(struct mem_cgroup *mem= cg) diff --git a/kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c b/kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c index 6e6eb09b8db6..289fb1a72550 100644 --- a/kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c +++ b/kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c @@ -4416,40 +4416,58 @@ bool cpuset_current_node_allowed(int node, gfp_t gf= p_mask) return allowed; } -bool cpuset_node_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, int nid) +/** + * cpuset_nodes_allowed - return effective_mems mask from a cgroup cpuset. + * @cgroup: pointer to struct cgroup. + * @mask: pointer to struct nodemask_t to be returned. + * + * Returns effective_mems mask from a cgroup cpuset if it is cgroup v2 and + * has cpuset subsys. Otherwise, returns node_states[N_MEMORY]. + * + * This function intentionally avoids taking the cpuset_mutex or callback_= lock + * when accessing effective_mems. This is because the obtained effective_m= ems + * is stale immediately after the query anyway (e.g., effective_mems is up= dated + * immediately after releasing the lock but before returning). + * + * As a result, returned @mask may be empty because cs->effective_mems can= be + * rebound during this call. Besides, nodes in @mask are not guaranteed to= be + * online due to hot plugins. Callers should check the mask for validity on + * return based on its subsequent use. + **/ +void cpuset_nodes_allowed(struct cgroup *cgroup, nodemask_t *mask) { struct cgroup_subsys_state *css; struct cpuset *cs; - bool allowed; /* * In v1, mem_cgroup and cpuset are unlikely in the same hierarchy * and mems_allowed is likely to be empty even if we could get to it, - * so return true to avoid taking a global lock on the empty check. + * so return directly to avoid taking a global lock on the empty check. */ - if (!cpuset_v2()) - return true; + if (!cgroup || !cpuset_v2()) { + nodes_copy(*mask, node_states[N_MEMORY]); + return; + } css =3D cgroup_get_e_css(cgroup, &cpuset_cgrp_subsys); - if (!css) - return true; + if (!css) { + nodes_copy(*mask, node_states[N_MEMORY]); + return; + } /* - * Normally, accessing effective_mems would require the cpuset_mutex - * or callback_lock - but node_isset is atomic and the reference - * taken via cgroup_get_e_css is sufficient to protect css. - * - * Since this interface is intended for use by migration paths, we - * relax locking here to avoid taking global locks - while accepting - * there may be rare scenarios where the result may be innaccurate. + * The reference taken via cgroup_get_e_css is sufficient to + * protect css, but it does not imply safe accesses to effective_mems. * - * Reclaim and migration are subject to these same race conditions, and - * cannot make strong isolation guarantees, so this is acceptable. + * Normally, accessing effective_mems would require the cpuset_mutex + * or callback_lock - but the correctness of this information is stale + * immediately after the query anyway. We do not acquire the lock + * during this process to save lock contention in exchange for racing + * against mems_allowed rebinds. */ cs =3D container_of(css, struct cpuset, css); - allowed =3D node_isset(nid, cs->effective_mems); + nodes_copy(*mask, cs->effective_mems); css_put(css); - return allowed; } /** diff --git a/mm/memcontrol.c b/mm/memcontrol.c index 86f43b7e5f71..702c3db624a0 100644 --- a/mm/memcontrol.c +++ b/mm/memcontrol.c @@ -5624,9 +5624,21 @@ subsys_initcall(mem_cgroup_swap_init); #endif /* CONFIG_SWAP */ -bool mem_cgroup_node_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int nid) +void mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, nodemask_t *= mask) { - return memcg ? cpuset_node_allowed(memcg->css.cgroup, nid) : true; + nodemask_t allowed; + + if (!memcg) + return; + + /* + * Since this interface is intended for use by migration paths, and + * reclaim and migration are subject to race conditions such as changes + * in effective_mems and hot-unpluging of nodes, inaccurate allowed + * mask is acceptable. + */ + cpuset_nodes_allowed(memcg->css.cgroup, &allowed); + nodes_and(*mask, *mask, allowed); } void mem_cgroup_show_protected_memory(struct mem_cgroup *memcg) diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c index 670fe9fae5ba..5ea1dd2b8cce 100644 --- a/mm/vmscan.c +++ b/mm/vmscan.c @@ -344,19 +344,21 @@ static void flush_reclaim_state(struct scan_control *= sc) static bool can_demote(int nid, struct scan_control *sc, struct mem_cgroup *memcg) { - int demotion_nid; + struct pglist_data *pgdat =3D NODE_DATA(nid); + nodemask_t allowed_mask; - if (!numa_demotion_enabled) + if (!pgdat || !numa_demotion_enabled) return false; if (sc && sc->no_demotion) return false; - demotion_nid =3D next_demotion_node(nid); - if (demotion_nid =3D=3D NUMA_NO_NODE) + node_get_allowed_targets(pgdat, &allowed_mask); + if (nodes_empty(allowed_mask)) return false; - /* If demotion node isn't in the cgroup's mems_allowed, fall back */ - return mem_cgroup_node_allowed(memcg, demotion_nid); + /* Filter out nodes that are not in cgroup's mems_allowed. */ + mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(memcg, &allowed_mask); + return !nodes_empty(allowed_mask); } static inline bool can_reclaim_anon_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, @@ -1019,9 +1021,10 @@ static struct folio *alloc_demote_folio(struct folio= *src, * Folios which are not demoted are left on @demote_folios. */ static unsigned int demote_folio_list(struct list_head *demote_folios, - struct pglist_data *pgdat) + struct pglist_data *pgdat, + struct mem_cgroup *memcg) { - int target_nid =3D next_demotion_node(pgdat->node_id); + int target_nid; unsigned int nr_succeeded; nodemask_t allowed_mask; @@ -1033,7 +1036,6 @@ static unsigned int demote_folio_list(struct list_hea= d *demote_folios, */ .gfp_mask =3D (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~__GFP_RECLAIM) | __GFP_NOMEMALLOC | GFP_NOWAIT, - .nid =3D target_nid, .nmask =3D &allowed_mask, .reason =3D MR_DEMOTION, }; @@ -1041,10 +1043,18 @@ static unsigned int demote_folio_list(struct list_h= ead *demote_folios, if (list_empty(demote_folios)) return 0; - if (target_nid =3D=3D NUMA_NO_NODE) + node_get_allowed_targets(pgdat, &allowed_mask); + mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(memcg, &allowed_mask); + if (nodes_empty(allowed_mask)) return 0; - node_get_allowed_targets(pgdat, &allowed_mask); + target_nid =3D next_demotion_node(pgdat->node_id); + if (target_nid =3D=3D NUMA_NO_NODE) + /* No lower-tier nodes or nodes were hot-unplugged. */ + return 0; + if (!node_isset(target_nid, allowed_mask)) + target_nid =3D node_random(&allowed_mask); + mtc.nid =3D target_nid; /* Demotion ignores all cpuset and mempolicy settings */ migrate_pages(demote_folios, alloc_demote_folio, NULL, @@ -1566,7 +1576,7 @@ static unsigned int shrink_folio_list(struct list_hea= d *folio_list, /* 'folio_list' is always empty here */ /* Migrate folios selected for demotion */ - nr_demoted =3D demote_folio_list(&demote_folios, pgdat); + nr_demoted =3D demote_folio_list(&demote_folios, pgdat, memcg); nr_reclaimed +=3D nr_demoted; stat->nr_demoted +=3D nr_demoted; /* Folios that could not be demoted are still in @demote_folios */ -- 2.52.0.457.g6b5491de43-goog