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Sun, 07 Dec 2025 06:27:52 -0800 (PST) From: Donglin Peng To: rostedt@goodmis.org Cc: linux-trace-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, pengdonglin , Masami Hiramatsu , Xiaoqin Zhang Subject: [PATCH v1 2/2] tracing: Update funcgraph-retval documentation Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 22:27:42 +0800 Message-Id: <20251207142742.229924-3-dolinux.peng@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.34.1 In-Reply-To: <20251207142742.229924-1-dolinux.peng@gmail.com> References: <20251207142742.229924-1-dolinux.peng@gmail.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: pengdonglin The existing documentation for funcgraph-retval is outdated and partially incorrect, as it describes limitations that have now been resolved. Recent changes (e.g., using BTF to obtain function return types) have addressed key issues: 1. Return values are now printed only for non-void functions. 2. Values are trimmed to the correct width of the return type, avoiding garbage data from high bits. Cc: Steven Rostedt (Google) Cc: Masami Hiramatsu Cc: Xiaoqin Zhang Signed-off-by: pengdonglin --- Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst | 74 ++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst index d1f313a5f4ad..de97b65433cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst +++ b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst @@ -1454,6 +1454,10 @@ Options for function_graph tracer: printed in hexadecimal format. By default, this option is off. =20 + funcgraph-retaddr + When set, the return address will always be printed. + By default, this option is off. + sleep-time When running function graph tracer, to include the time a task schedules out in its function. @@ -2800,7 +2804,7 @@ It is default disabled. 0) 2.861 us | } /* putname() */ =20 The return value of each traced function can be displayed after -an equal sign "=3D". When encountering system call failures, it +an equal sign "ret =3D". When encountering system call failures, it can be very helpful to quickly locate the function that first returns an error code. =20 @@ -2810,16 +2814,16 @@ returns an error code. Example with funcgraph-retval:: =20 1) | cgroup_migrate() { - 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* =3D 0xffff93fcfd= 346c00 */ + 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* ret=3D0xffff93fc= fd346c00 */ 1) | cgroup_migrate_execute() { 1) | cpu_cgroup_can_attach() { 1) | cgroup_taskset_first() { - 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* =3D 0xffff93fc= 8fb20000 */ - 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first =3D 0xffff93fc8f= b20000 */ - 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* =3D 0x0 */ - 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach =3D -22 */ - 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute =3D -22 */ - 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate =3D -22 */ + 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* ret=3D0xffff93= fc8fb20000 */ + 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first ret=3D0xffff93fc= 8fb20000 */ + 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* ret=3D0x0 */ + 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach ret=3D-22 */ + 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute ret=3D-22 */ + 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate ret=3D-22 */ =20 The above example shows that the function cpu_cgroup_can_attach returned the error code -22 firstly, then we can read the code @@ -2836,37 +2840,39 @@ printed in hexadecimal format. Example with funcgraph-retval-hex:: =20 1) | cgroup_migrate() { - 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* =3D 0xffff93fc= fd346c00 */ + 1) 0.651 us | cgroup_migrate_add_task(); /* ret=3D0xffff93= fcfd346c00 */ 1) | cgroup_migrate_execute() { 1) | cpu_cgroup_can_attach() { 1) | cgroup_taskset_first() { - 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* =3D 0xffff93= fc8fb20000 */ - 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first =3D 0xffff93fc= 8fb20000 */ - 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* =3D 0x0 */ - 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach =3D 0xffffffea = */ - 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute =3D 0xffffffea */ + 1) 0.732 us | cgroup_taskset_next(); /* ret=3D0xffff= 93fc8fb20000 */ + 1) 1.232 us | } /* cgroup_taskset_first ret=3D0xffff93= fc8fb20000 */ + 1) 0.380 us | sched_rt_can_attach(); /* ret=3D0x0 */ + 1) 2.335 us | } /* cpu_cgroup_can_attach ret=3D0xffffffe= a */ + 1) 4.369 us | } /* cgroup_migrate_execute ret=3D0xffffffea= */ 1) 7.143 us | } /* cgroup_migrate =3D 0xffffffea */ =20 -At present, there are some limitations when using the funcgraph-retval -option, and these limitations will be eliminated in the future: - -- Even if the function return type is void, a return value will still - be printed, and you can just ignore it. - -- Even if return values are stored in multiple registers, only the - value contained in the first register will be recorded and printed. - To illustrate, in the x86 architecture, eax and edx are used to store - a 64-bit return value, with the lower 32 bits saved in eax and the - upper 32 bits saved in edx. However, only the value stored in eax - will be recorded and printed. - -- In certain procedure call standards, such as arm64's AAPCS64, when a - type is smaller than a GPR, it is the responsibility of the consumer - to perform the narrowing, and the upper bits may contain UNKNOWN values. - Therefore, it is advisable to check the code for such cases. For instanc= e, - when using a u8 in a 64-bit GPR, bits [63:8] may contain arbitrary value= s, - especially when larger types are truncated, whether explicitly or implic= itly. - Here are some specific cases to illustrate this point: +Note that there are some limitations when using the funcgraph-retval +option: + +- If CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is disabled (n), a return value is printed even= for + functions with a void return type. When CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is enabled= (y), + the return value is printed only for non-void functions. + +- If a return value occupies multiple registers, only the value in the fir= st + register is recorded and printed. For example, on the x86 architecture, a + 64-bit return value is stored across eax (lower 32 bits) and edx (upper = 32 bits), + but only the contents of eax are captured. + +- Under certain procedure-call standards (e.g., arm64's AAPCS64), when the= return + type is smaller than a general-purpose register (GPR), the caller is res= ponsible + for narrowing the value; the upper bits of the register may contain unde= fined data. + For instance, when a u8 is returned in 64-bit GPR, bits [63:8] can hold = arbitrary + values, especially when larger types are truncated (explicitly or implic= itly). It + is therefore advisable to inspect the code in such cases. If CONFIG_DEBU= G_INFO_BTF + is enabled (y), the return value is automatically trimmed to the width o= f the return + type. + + The following examples illustrate the behavior: =20 **Case One**: =20 --=20 2.34.1