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Mon, 17 Nov 2025 23:30:15 -0800 (PST) Received: from tigerii.tok.corp.google.com ([2401:fa00:8f:203:beba:22fc:d89b:ce14]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id d9443c01a7336-2985c2568ccsm163926215ad.50.2025.11.17.23.30.13 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Mon, 17 Nov 2025 23:30:15 -0800 (PST) From: Sergey Senozhatsky To: Andrew Morton Cc: Minchan Kim , Yuwen Chen , Richard Chang , Brian Geffon , Fengyu Lian , linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-block@vger.kernel.org, Sergey Senozhatsky , Minchan Kim Subject: [PATCHv4 1/6] zram: introduce writeback bio batching support Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2025 16:29:55 +0900 Message-ID: <20251118073000.1928107-2-senozhatsky@chromium.org> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.52.0.rc1.455.g30608eb744-goog In-Reply-To: <20251118073000.1928107-1-senozhatsky@chromium.org> References: <20251118073000.1928107-1-senozhatsky@chromium.org> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Yuwen Chen Currently, zram writeback supports only a single bio writeback operation, waiting for bio completion before post-processing next pp-slot. This works, in general, but has certain throughput limitations. Implement batched (multiple) bio writeback support to take advantage of parallel requests processing and better requests scheduling. For the time being the writeback batch size (maximum number of in-flight bio requests) is set to 32 for all devices. A follow up patch adds a writeback_batch_size device attribute, so the batch size becomes run-time configurable. Please refer to [1] and [2] for benchmarks. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/tencent_B2DC37E3A2AED0E7F179365FCB5= D82455B08@qq.com [2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/tencent_0FBBFC8AE0B97BC63B5D47CE1FF= 2BABFDA09@qq.com [senozhatsky: significantly reworked the initial patch so that the approach and implementation resemble current zram post-processing code] Signed-off-by: Yuwen Chen Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky Co-developed-by: Richard Chang Suggested-by: Minchan Kim --- drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c | 348 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 282 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c b/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c index a43074657531..ea06f4d7b623 100644 --- a/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c +++ b/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c @@ -500,6 +500,24 @@ static ssize_t idle_store(struct device *dev, } =20 #ifdef CONFIG_ZRAM_WRITEBACK +struct zram_wb_ctl { + struct list_head idle_reqs; + struct list_head inflight_reqs; + + atomic_t num_inflight; + struct completion done; +}; + +struct zram_wb_req { + unsigned long blk_idx; + struct page *page; + struct zram_pp_slot *pps; + struct bio_vec bio_vec; + struct bio bio; + + struct list_head entry; +}; + static ssize_t writeback_limit_enable_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len) { @@ -734,20 +752,209 @@ static void read_from_bdev_async(struct zram *zram, = struct page *page, submit_bio(bio); } =20 -static int zram_writeback_slots(struct zram *zram, struct zram_pp_ctl *ctl) +static void release_wb_req(struct zram_wb_req *req) +{ + __free_page(req->page); + kfree(req); +} + +static void release_wb_ctl(struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl) +{ + /* We should never have inflight requests at this point */ + WARN_ON(!list_empty(&wb_ctl->inflight_reqs)); + + while (!list_empty(&wb_ctl->idle_reqs)) { + struct zram_wb_req *req; + + req =3D list_first_entry(&wb_ctl->idle_reqs, + struct zram_wb_req, entry); + list_del(&req->entry); + release_wb_req(req); + } + + kfree(wb_ctl); +} + +/* XXX: should be a per-device sysfs attr */ +#define ZRAM_WB_REQ_CNT 32 + +static struct zram_wb_ctl *init_wb_ctl(void) +{ + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl; + int i; + + wb_ctl =3D kmalloc(sizeof(*wb_ctl), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!wb_ctl) + return NULL; + + INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wb_ctl->idle_reqs); + INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wb_ctl->inflight_reqs); + atomic_set(&wb_ctl->num_inflight, 0); + init_completion(&wb_ctl->done); + + for (i =3D 0; i < ZRAM_WB_REQ_CNT; i++) { + struct zram_wb_req *req; + + /* + * This is fatal condition only if we couldn't allocate + * any requests at all. Otherwise we just work with the + * requests that we have successfully allocated, so that + * writeback can still proceed, even if there is only one + * request on the idle list. + */ + req =3D kzalloc(sizeof(*req), GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOWARN); + if (!req) + break; + + req->page =3D alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOWARN); + if (!req->page) { + kfree(req); + break; + } + + list_add(&req->entry, &wb_ctl->idle_reqs); + } + + /* We couldn't allocate any requests, so writeabck is not possible */ + if (list_empty(&wb_ctl->idle_reqs)) + goto release_wb_ctl; + + return wb_ctl; + +release_wb_ctl: + release_wb_ctl(wb_ctl); + return NULL; +} + +static void zram_account_writeback_rollback(struct zram *zram) +{ + spin_lock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); + if (zram->wb_limit_enable) + zram->bd_wb_limit +=3D 1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT - 12); + spin_unlock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); +} + +static void zram_account_writeback_submit(struct zram *zram) +{ + spin_lock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); + if (zram->wb_limit_enable && zram->bd_wb_limit > 0) + zram->bd_wb_limit -=3D 1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT - 12); + spin_unlock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); +} + +static int zram_writeback_complete(struct zram *zram, struct zram_wb_req *= req) +{ + u32 index =3D req->pps->index; + int err; + + err =3D blk_status_to_errno(req->bio.bi_status); + if (err) { + /* + * Failed wb requests should not be accounted in wb_limit + * (if enabled). + */ + zram_account_writeback_rollback(zram); + free_block_bdev(zram, req->blk_idx); + return err; + } + + atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.bd_writes); + zram_slot_lock(zram, index); + /* + * We release slot lock during writeback so slot can change under us: + * slot_free() or slot_free() and zram_write_page(). In both cases + * slot loses ZRAM_PP_SLOT flag. No concurrent post-processing can + * set ZRAM_PP_SLOT on such slots until current post-processing + * finishes. + */ + if (!zram_test_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_PP_SLOT)) { + free_block_bdev(zram, req->blk_idx); + goto out; + } + + zram_free_page(zram, index); + zram_set_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_WB); + zram_set_handle(zram, index, req->blk_idx); + atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.pages_stored); + +out: + zram_slot_unlock(zram, index); + return 0; +} + +static void zram_writeback_endio(struct bio *bio) +{ + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl =3D bio->bi_private; + + if (atomic_dec_return(&wb_ctl->num_inflight) =3D=3D 0) + complete(&wb_ctl->done); +} + +static void zram_submit_wb_request(struct zram *zram, + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl, + struct zram_wb_req *req) +{ + /* + * wb_limit (if enabled) should be adjusted before submission, + * so that we don't over-submit. + */ + zram_account_writeback_submit(zram); + atomic_inc(&wb_ctl->num_inflight); + list_add_tail(&req->entry, &wb_ctl->inflight_reqs); + submit_bio(&req->bio); +} + +static struct zram_wb_req *select_idle_req(struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl) { + struct zram_wb_req *req; + + req =3D list_first_entry_or_null(&wb_ctl->idle_reqs, + struct zram_wb_req, entry); + if (req) + list_del(&req->entry); + return req; +} + +static int zram_wb_wait_for_completion(struct zram *zram, + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl) +{ + int ret =3D 0; + + if (atomic_read(&wb_ctl->num_inflight)) + wait_for_completion_io(&wb_ctl->done); + + reinit_completion(&wb_ctl->done); + while (!list_empty(&wb_ctl->inflight_reqs)) { + struct zram_wb_req *req; + int err; + + req =3D list_first_entry(&wb_ctl->inflight_reqs, + struct zram_wb_req, entry); + list_move(&req->entry, &wb_ctl->idle_reqs); + + err =3D zram_writeback_complete(zram, req); + if (err) + ret =3D err; + + release_pp_slot(zram, req->pps); + req->pps =3D NULL; + } + + return ret; +} + +static int zram_writeback_slots(struct zram *zram, + struct zram_pp_ctl *ctl, + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl) +{ + struct zram_wb_req *req =3D NULL; unsigned long blk_idx =3D 0; - struct page *page =3D NULL; struct zram_pp_slot *pps; - struct bio_vec bio_vec; - struct bio bio; + struct blk_plug io_plug; int ret =3D 0, err; - u32 index; - - page =3D alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL); - if (!page) - return -ENOMEM; + u32 index =3D 0; =20 + blk_start_plug(&io_plug); while ((pps =3D select_pp_slot(ctl))) { spin_lock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); if (zram->wb_limit_enable && !zram->bd_wb_limit) { @@ -757,6 +964,26 @@ static int zram_writeback_slots(struct zram *zram, str= uct zram_pp_ctl *ctl) } spin_unlock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); =20 + while (!req) { + req =3D select_idle_req(wb_ctl); + if (req) + break; + + blk_finish_plug(&io_plug); + err =3D zram_wb_wait_for_completion(zram, wb_ctl); + blk_start_plug(&io_plug); + /* + * BIO errors are not fatal, we continue and simply + * attempt to writeback the remaining objects (pages). + * At the same time we need to signal user-space that + * some writes (at least one, but also could be all of + * them) were not successful and we do so by returning + * the most recent BIO error. + */ + if (err) + ret =3D err; + } + if (!blk_idx) { blk_idx =3D alloc_block_bdev(zram); if (!blk_idx) { @@ -775,67 +1002,46 @@ static int zram_writeback_slots(struct zram *zram, s= truct zram_pp_ctl *ctl) */ if (!zram_test_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_PP_SLOT)) goto next; - if (zram_read_from_zspool(zram, page, index)) + if (zram_read_from_zspool(zram, req->page, index)) goto next; zram_slot_unlock(zram, index); =20 - bio_init(&bio, zram->bdev, &bio_vec, 1, - REQ_OP_WRITE | REQ_SYNC); - bio.bi_iter.bi_sector =3D blk_idx * (PAGE_SIZE >> 9); - __bio_add_page(&bio, page, PAGE_SIZE, 0); - /* - * XXX: A single page IO would be inefficient for write - * but it would be not bad as starter. + * From now on pp-slot is owned by the req, remove it from + * its pp bucket. */ - err =3D submit_bio_wait(&bio); - if (err) { - release_pp_slot(zram, pps); - /* - * BIO errors are not fatal, we continue and simply - * attempt to writeback the remaining objects (pages). - * At the same time we need to signal user-space that - * some writes (at least one, but also could be all of - * them) were not successful and we do so by returning - * the most recent BIO error. - */ - ret =3D err; - continue; - } + list_del_init(&pps->entry); =20 - atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.bd_writes); - zram_slot_lock(zram, index); - /* - * Same as above, we release slot lock during writeback so - * slot can change under us: slot_free() or slot_free() and - * reallocation (zram_write_page()). In both cases slot loses - * ZRAM_PP_SLOT flag. No concurrent post-processing can set - * ZRAM_PP_SLOT on such slots until current post-processing - * finishes. - */ - if (!zram_test_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_PP_SLOT)) - goto next; + req->blk_idx =3D blk_idx; + req->pps =3D pps; + bio_init(&req->bio, zram->bdev, &req->bio_vec, 1, REQ_OP_WRITE); + req->bio.bi_iter.bi_sector =3D req->blk_idx * (PAGE_SIZE >> 9); + req->bio.bi_end_io =3D zram_writeback_endio; + req->bio.bi_private =3D wb_ctl; + __bio_add_page(&req->bio, req->page, PAGE_SIZE, 0); =20 - zram_free_page(zram, index); - zram_set_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_WB); - zram_set_handle(zram, index, blk_idx); + zram_submit_wb_request(zram, wb_ctl, req); blk_idx =3D 0; - atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.pages_stored); - spin_lock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); - if (zram->wb_limit_enable && zram->bd_wb_limit > 0) - zram->bd_wb_limit -=3D 1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT - 12); - spin_unlock(&zram->wb_limit_lock); + req =3D NULL; + continue; + next: zram_slot_unlock(zram, index); release_pp_slot(zram, pps); - cond_resched(); } =20 - if (blk_idx) - free_block_bdev(zram, blk_idx); - if (page) - __free_page(page); + /* + * Selected idle req, but never submitted it due to some error or + * wb limit. + */ + if (req) + release_wb_req(req); + + blk_finish_plug(&io_plug); + err =3D zram_wb_wait_for_completion(zram, wb_ctl); + if (err) + ret =3D err; =20 return ret; } @@ -948,7 +1154,8 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, struct zram *zram =3D dev_to_zram(dev); u64 nr_pages =3D zram->disksize >> PAGE_SHIFT; unsigned long lo =3D 0, hi =3D nr_pages; - struct zram_pp_ctl *ctl =3D NULL; + struct zram_pp_ctl *pp_ctl =3D NULL; + struct zram_wb_ctl *wb_ctl =3D NULL; char *args, *param, *val; ssize_t ret =3D len; int err, mode =3D 0; @@ -970,8 +1177,14 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, goto release_init_lock; } =20 - ctl =3D init_pp_ctl(); - if (!ctl) { + pp_ctl =3D init_pp_ctl(); + if (!pp_ctl) { + ret =3D -ENOMEM; + goto release_init_lock; + } + + wb_ctl =3D init_wb_ctl(); + if (!wb_ctl) { ret =3D -ENOMEM; goto release_init_lock; } @@ -1000,7 +1213,7 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, goto release_init_lock; } =20 - scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, ctl); + scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, pp_ctl); break; } =20 @@ -1011,7 +1224,7 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, goto release_init_lock; } =20 - scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, ctl); + scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, pp_ctl); break; } =20 @@ -1022,7 +1235,7 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, goto release_init_lock; } =20 - scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, ctl); + scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, pp_ctl); continue; } =20 @@ -1033,17 +1246,18 @@ static ssize_t writeback_store(struct device *dev, goto release_init_lock; } =20 - scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, ctl); + scan_slots_for_writeback(zram, mode, lo, hi, pp_ctl); continue; } } =20 - err =3D zram_writeback_slots(zram, ctl); + err =3D zram_writeback_slots(zram, pp_ctl, wb_ctl); if (err) ret =3D err; =20 release_init_lock: - release_pp_ctl(zram, ctl); + release_pp_ctl(zram, pp_ctl); + release_wb_ctl(wb_ctl); atomic_set(&zram->pp_in_progress, 0); up_read(&zram->init_lock); =20 @@ -1112,7 +1326,9 @@ static int read_from_bdev(struct zram *zram, struct p= age *page, return -EIO; } =20 -static void free_block_bdev(struct zram *zram, unsigned long blk_idx) {}; +static void free_block_bdev(struct zram *zram, unsigned long blk_idx) +{ +} #endif =20 #ifdef CONFIG_ZRAM_MEMORY_TRACKING --=20 2.52.0.rc1.455.g30608eb744-goog