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Fri, 22 Apr 2022 09:51:19 -0700 (PDT) From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko To: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko , Stefano Stabellini , Russell King , Catalin Marinas , Will Deacon , Boris Ostrovsky , Juergen Gross , Logan Gunthorpe , David Hildenbrand , Martin Oliveira , Kees Cook , Jean-Philippe Brucker , Julien Grall , "Michael S. Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 1/6] arm/xen: Introduce xen_setup_dma_ops() Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:50:58 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-2-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646305697100003 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko This patch introduces new helper and places it in new header. The helper's purpose is to assign any Xen specific DMA ops in a single place. For now, we deal with xen-swiotlb DMA ops only. The one of the subsequent commits in current series will add xen-grant DMA ops case. Also re-use the xen_swiotlb_detect() check on Arm32. Signed-off-by: Oleksandr Tyshchenko Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini --- Changes RFC -> V1: - update commit description - move commit to the beginning of the series - move #ifdef CONFIG_XEN from dma-mapping.c to xen-ops.h --- arch/arm/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h | 1 + arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c | 7 ++----- arch/arm64/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h | 1 + arch/arm64/mm/dma-mapping.c | 7 ++----- include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h | 15 +++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) create mode 100644 arch/arm/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h create mode 100644 include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/xen/= xen-ops.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d2fa24 --- /dev/null +++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +#include diff --git a/arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c b/arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c index 82ffac6..059cce0 100644 --- a/arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c +++ b/arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ #include #include #include -#include +#include =20 #include "dma.h" #include "mm.h" @@ -2287,10 +2287,7 @@ void arch_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev, u64 dma_= base, u64 size, =20 set_dma_ops(dev, dma_ops); =20 -#ifdef CONFIG_XEN - if (xen_initial_domain()) - dev->dma_ops =3D &xen_swiotlb_dma_ops; -#endif + xen_setup_dma_ops(dev); dev->archdata.dma_ops_setup =3D true; } =20 diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/= xen/xen-ops.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d2fa24 --- /dev/null +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/xen/xen-ops.h @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +#include diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/dma-mapping.c b/arch/arm64/mm/dma-mapping.c index 6719f9e..6099c81 100644 --- a/arch/arm64/mm/dma-mapping.c +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/dma-mapping.c @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ #include #include #include -#include =20 #include +#include =20 void arch_sync_dma_for_device(phys_addr_t paddr, size_t size, enum dma_data_direction dir) @@ -52,8 +52,5 @@ void arch_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev, u64 dma_base,= u64 size, if (iommu) iommu_setup_dma_ops(dev, dma_base, dma_base + size - 1); =20 -#ifdef CONFIG_XEN - if (xen_swiotlb_detect()) - dev->dma_ops =3D &xen_swiotlb_dma_ops; -#endif + xen_setup_dma_ops(dev); } diff --git a/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h b/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..288deb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */ +#ifndef _ASM_ARM_XEN_OPS_H +#define _ASM_ARM_XEN_OPS_H + +#include + +static inline void xen_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) +{ +#ifdef CONFIG_XEN + if (xen_swiotlb_detect()) + dev->dma_ops =3D &xen_swiotlb_dma_ops; +#endif +} + +#endif /* _ASM_ARM_XEN_OPS_H */ --=20 2.7.4 From nobody Fri May 17 05:50:12 2024 Delivered-To: importer@patchew.org Received-SPF: pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) client-ip=192.237.175.120; envelope-from=xen-devel-bounces@lists.xenproject.org; helo=lists.xenproject.org; Authentication-Results: mx.zohomail.com; dkim=pass; spf=pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=xen-devel-bounces@lists.xenproject.org; dmarc=pass(p=none dis=none) header.from=gmail.com ARC-Seal: i=1; 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Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 2/6] xen/grants: support allocating consecutive grants Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:50:59 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-3-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646309520100005 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Juergen Gross For support of virtio via grant mappings in rare cases larger mappings using consecutive grants are needed. Support those by adding a bitmap of free grants. As consecutive grants will be needed only in very rare cases (e.g. when configuring a virtio device with a multi-page ring), optimize for the normal case of non-consecutive allocations. Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross --- Changes RFC -> V1: - no changes --- drivers/xen/grant-table.c | 238 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---= ---- include/xen/grant_table.h | 4 + 2 files changed, 210 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/xen/grant-table.c b/drivers/xen/grant-table.c index 8ccccac..1b458c0 100644 --- a/drivers/xen/grant-table.c +++ b/drivers/xen/grant-table.c @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ =20 #define pr_fmt(fmt) "xen:" KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt =20 +#include #include #include #include @@ -72,9 +73,32 @@ =20 static grant_ref_t **gnttab_list; static unsigned int nr_grant_frames; + +/* + * Handling of free grants: + * + * Free grants are in a simple list anchored in gnttab_free_head. They are + * linked by grant ref, the last element contains GNTTAB_LIST_END. The num= ber + * of free entries is stored in gnttab_free_count. + * Additionally there is a bitmap of free entries anchored in + * gnttab_free_bitmap. This is being used for simplifying allocation of + * multiple consecutive grants, which is needed e.g. for support of virtio. + * gnttab_last_free is used to add free entries of new frames at the end of + * the free list. + * gnttab_free_tail_ptr specifies the variable which references the start + * of consecutive free grants ending with gnttab_last_free. This pointer is + * updated in a rather defensive way, in order to avoid performance hits in + * hot paths. + * All those variables are protected by gnttab_list_lock. + */ static int gnttab_free_count; -static grant_ref_t gnttab_free_head; +static unsigned int gnttab_size; +static grant_ref_t gnttab_free_head =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; +static grant_ref_t gnttab_last_free =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; +static grant_ref_t *gnttab_free_tail_ptr; +static unsigned long *gnttab_free_bitmap; static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(gnttab_list_lock); + struct grant_frames xen_auto_xlat_grant_frames; static unsigned int xen_gnttab_version; module_param_named(version, xen_gnttab_version, uint, 0); @@ -170,16 +194,111 @@ static int get_free_entries(unsigned count) =20 ref =3D head =3D gnttab_free_head; gnttab_free_count -=3D count; - while (count-- > 1) - head =3D gnttab_entry(head); + while (count--) { + bitmap_clear(gnttab_free_bitmap, head, 1); + if (gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D=3D __gnttab_entry(head)) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D &gnttab_free_head; + if (count) + head =3D gnttab_entry(head); + } gnttab_free_head =3D gnttab_entry(head); gnttab_entry(head) =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; =20 + if (!gnttab_free_count) { + gnttab_last_free =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D NULL; + } + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); =20 return ref; } =20 +static int get_seq_entry_count(void) +{ + if (gnttab_last_free =3D=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END || !gnttab_free_tail_ptr || + *gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END) + return 0; + + return gnttab_last_free - *gnttab_free_tail_ptr + 1; +} + +/* Rebuilds the free grant list and tries to find count consecutive entrie= s. */ +static int get_free_seq(unsigned int count) +{ + int ret =3D -ENOSPC; + unsigned int from, to; + grant_ref_t *last; + + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D &gnttab_free_head; + last =3D &gnttab_free_head; + + for (from =3D find_first_bit(gnttab_free_bitmap, gnttab_size); + from < gnttab_size; + from =3D find_next_bit(gnttab_free_bitmap, gnttab_size, to + 1)) { + to =3D find_next_zero_bit(gnttab_free_bitmap, gnttab_size, + from + 1); + if (ret < 0 && to - from >=3D count) { + ret =3D from; + bitmap_clear(gnttab_free_bitmap, ret, count); + from +=3D count; + gnttab_free_count -=3D count; + if (from =3D=3D to) + continue; + } + + while (from < to) { + *last =3D from; + last =3D __gnttab_entry(from); + gnttab_last_free =3D from; + from++; + } + if (to < gnttab_size) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D __gnttab_entry(to - 1); + } + + *last =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; + if (gnttab_last_free !=3D gnttab_size - 1) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D NULL; + + return ret; +} + +static int get_free_entries_seq(unsigned int count) +{ + unsigned long flags; + int ret =3D 0; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); + + if (gnttab_free_count < count) { + ret =3D gnttab_expand(count - gnttab_free_count); + if (ret < 0) + goto out; + } + + if (get_seq_entry_count() < count) { + ret =3D get_free_seq(count); + if (ret >=3D 0) + goto out; + ret =3D gnttab_expand(count - get_seq_entry_count()); + if (ret < 0) + goto out; + } + + ret =3D *gnttab_free_tail_ptr; + *gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D gnttab_entry(ret + count - 1); + gnttab_free_count -=3D count; + if (!gnttab_free_count) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D NULL; + bitmap_clear(gnttab_free_bitmap, ret, count); + + out: + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); + + return ret; +} + static void do_free_callbacks(void) { struct gnttab_free_callback *callback, *next; @@ -206,17 +325,48 @@ static inline void check_free_callbacks(void) do_free_callbacks(); } =20 -static void put_free_entry(grant_ref_t ref) +static void put_free_entry_locked(grant_ref_t ref) { - unsigned long flags; - spin_lock_irqsave(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); gnttab_entry(ref) =3D gnttab_free_head; gnttab_free_head =3D ref; + if (!gnttab_free_count) + gnttab_last_free =3D ref; + if (gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D=3D &gnttab_free_head) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D __gnttab_entry(ref); gnttab_free_count++; + bitmap_set(gnttab_free_bitmap, ref, 1); +} + +static void put_free_entry(grant_ref_t ref) +{ + unsigned long flags; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); + put_free_entry_locked(ref); check_free_callbacks(); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); } =20 +static void gnttab_set_free(unsigned int start, unsigned int n) +{ + unsigned int i; + + for (i =3D start; i < start + n - 1; i++) + gnttab_entry(i) =3D i + 1; + + gnttab_entry(i) =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; + if (!gnttab_free_count) { + gnttab_free_head =3D start; + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D &gnttab_free_head; + } else { + gnttab_entry(gnttab_last_free) =3D start; + } + gnttab_free_count +=3D n; + gnttab_last_free =3D i; + + bitmap_set(gnttab_free_bitmap, start, n); +} + /* * Following applies to gnttab_update_entry_v1 and gnttab_update_entry_v2. * Introducing a valid entry into the grant table: @@ -448,23 +598,31 @@ void gnttab_free_grant_references(grant_ref_t head) { grant_ref_t ref; unsigned long flags; - int count =3D 1; - if (head =3D=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END) - return; + spin_lock_irqsave(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); - ref =3D head; - while (gnttab_entry(ref) !=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END) { - ref =3D gnttab_entry(ref); - count++; + while (head !=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END) { + ref =3D gnttab_entry(head); + put_free_entry_locked(head); + head =3D ref; } - gnttab_entry(ref) =3D gnttab_free_head; - gnttab_free_head =3D head; - gnttab_free_count +=3D count; check_free_callbacks(); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(gnttab_free_grant_references); =20 +void gnttab_free_grant_reference_seq(grant_ref_t head, unsigned int count) +{ + unsigned long flags; + unsigned int i; + + spin_lock_irqsave(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); + for (i =3D count; i > 0; i--) + put_free_entry_locked(head + i - 1); + check_free_callbacks(); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gnttab_list_lock, flags); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(gnttab_free_grant_reference_seq); + int gnttab_alloc_grant_references(u16 count, grant_ref_t *head) { int h =3D get_free_entries(count); @@ -478,6 +636,24 @@ int gnttab_alloc_grant_references(u16 count, grant_ref= _t *head) } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(gnttab_alloc_grant_references); =20 +int gnttab_alloc_grant_reference_seq(unsigned int count, grant_ref_t *firs= t) +{ + int h; + + if (count =3D=3D 1) + h =3D get_free_entries(1); + else + h =3D get_free_entries_seq(count); + + if (h < 0) + return -ENOSPC; + + *first =3D h; + + return 0; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(gnttab_alloc_grant_reference_seq); + int gnttab_empty_grant_references(const grant_ref_t *private_head) { return (*private_head =3D=3D GNTTAB_LIST_END); @@ -570,16 +746,13 @@ static int grow_gnttab_list(unsigned int more_frames) goto grow_nomem; } =20 + gnttab_set_free(gnttab_size, extra_entries); =20 - for (i =3D grefs_per_frame * nr_grant_frames; - i < grefs_per_frame * new_nr_grant_frames - 1; i++) - gnttab_entry(i) =3D i + 1; - - gnttab_entry(i) =3D gnttab_free_head; - gnttab_free_head =3D grefs_per_frame * nr_grant_frames; - gnttab_free_count +=3D extra_entries; + if (!gnttab_free_tail_ptr) + gnttab_free_tail_ptr =3D __gnttab_entry(gnttab_size); =20 nr_grant_frames =3D new_nr_grant_frames; + gnttab_size +=3D extra_entries; =20 check_free_callbacks(); =20 @@ -1424,7 +1597,6 @@ int gnttab_init(void) int i; unsigned long max_nr_grant_frames; unsigned int max_nr_glist_frames, nr_glist_frames; - unsigned int nr_init_grefs; int ret; =20 gnttab_request_version(); @@ -1452,6 +1624,13 @@ int gnttab_init(void) } } =20 + i =3D gnttab_interface->grefs_per_grant_frame * max_nr_grant_frames; + gnttab_free_bitmap =3D bitmap_zalloc(i, GFP_KERNEL); + if (!gnttab_free_bitmap) { + ret =3D -ENOMEM; + goto ini_nomem; + } + ret =3D arch_gnttab_init(max_nr_grant_frames, nr_status_frames(max_nr_grant_frames)); if (ret < 0) @@ -1462,15 +1641,9 @@ int gnttab_init(void) goto ini_nomem; } =20 - nr_init_grefs =3D nr_grant_frames * - gnttab_interface->grefs_per_grant_frame; - - for (i =3D NR_RESERVED_ENTRIES; i < nr_init_grefs - 1; i++) - gnttab_entry(i) =3D i + 1; + gnttab_size =3D nr_grant_frames * gnttab_interface->grefs_per_grant_frame; =20 - gnttab_entry(nr_init_grefs - 1) =3D GNTTAB_LIST_END; - gnttab_free_count =3D nr_init_grefs - NR_RESERVED_ENTRIES; - gnttab_free_head =3D NR_RESERVED_ENTRIES; + gnttab_set_free(NR_RESERVED_ENTRIES, gnttab_size - NR_RESERVED_ENTRIES); =20 printk("Grant table initialized\n"); return 0; @@ -1479,6 +1652,7 @@ int gnttab_init(void) for (i--; i >=3D 0; i--) free_page((unsigned long)gnttab_list[i]); kfree(gnttab_list); + bitmap_free(gnttab_free_bitmap); return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(gnttab_init); diff --git a/include/xen/grant_table.h b/include/xen/grant_table.h index dfd5bf3..d815e1d 100644 --- a/include/xen/grant_table.h +++ b/include/xen/grant_table.h @@ -129,10 +129,14 @@ int gnttab_try_end_foreign_access(grant_ref_t ref); */ int gnttab_alloc_grant_references(u16 count, grant_ref_t *pprivate_head); =20 +int gnttab_alloc_grant_reference_seq(unsigned int count, grant_ref_t *firs= t); + void gnttab_free_grant_reference(grant_ref_t ref); =20 void gnttab_free_grant_references(grant_ref_t head); =20 +void gnttab_free_grant_reference_seq(grant_ref_t head, unsigned int count); + int gnttab_empty_grant_references(const grant_ref_t *pprivate_head); =20 int gnttab_claim_grant_reference(grant_ref_t *pprivate_head); --=20 2.7.4 From nobody Fri May 17 05:50:12 2024 Delivered-To: importer@patchew.org Received-SPF: pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) client-ip=192.237.175.120; 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Fri, 22 Apr 2022 09:51:22 -0700 (PDT) From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko To: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, x86@kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Juergen Gross , Dave Hansen , Andy Lutomirski , Peter Zijlstra , Thomas Gleixner , Ingo Molnar , Borislav Petkov , "H. Peter Anvin" , Boris Ostrovsky , Stefano Stabellini , Julien Grall , Oleksandr Tyshchenko , "Michael S. Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 3/6] xen/virtio: Add option to restrict memory access under Xen Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:51:00 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-4-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646309469100002 From: Juergen Gross Introduce Xen grant DMA-mapping layer which contains special DMA-mapping routines for providing grant references as DMA addresses to be used by frontends (e.g. virtio) in Xen guests. In order to support virtio in Xen guests add a config option XEN_VIRTIO enabling the user to specify whether in all Xen guests virtio should be able to access memory via Xen grant mappings only on the host side. As this also requires providing arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access implementation, switch from a pure stub to a real function on Arm and combine with existing implementation for the SEV guests on x86. Add the needed functionality by providing a special set of DMA ops handling the needed grant operations for the I/O pages. Signed-off-by: Juergen Gross Signed-off-by: Oleksandr Tyshchenko --- Changes RFC -> V1: - squash with almost all changes from commit (except handling "xen,dev-d= omid" property): "[PATCH 4/6] virtio: Various updates to xen-virtio DMA ops layer" - update commit subject/description and comments in code - leave only single Kconfig option XEN_VIRTIO and remove architectural dependencies - introduce common xen_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access() in xen.h and update arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access() for both Arm and x86 to call new helper - use (1ULL << 63) instead of 0x8000000000000000ULL for XEN_GRANT_ADDR_O= FF - implement xen_virtio_dma_map(unmap)_sg() using example in swiotlb-xen.c - optimize padding by moving "broken" field in struct xen_virtio_data - remove unneeded per-device spinlock - remove the inclusion of virtio_config.h - remane everything according to the new naming scheme: s/virtio/grant_dma - add new hidden config option XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS --- arch/arm/xen/enlighten.c | 8 ++ arch/x86/mm/init.c | 11 ++ arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt.c | 5 - drivers/xen/Kconfig | 15 +++ drivers/xen/Makefile | 1 + drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c | 317 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++= ++++ include/xen/xen-ops.h | 8 ++ include/xen/xen.h | 5 + 8 files changed, 365 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) create mode 100644 drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c diff --git a/arch/arm/xen/enlighten.c b/arch/arm/xen/enlighten.c index ec5b082..49af493 100644 --- a/arch/arm/xen/enlighten.c +++ b/arch/arm/xen/enlighten.c @@ -409,6 +409,14 @@ int __init arch_xen_unpopulated_init(struct resource *= *res) } #endif =20 +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_RESTRICTED_VIRTIO_MEMORY_ACCESS +int arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access(void) +{ + return xen_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access(); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access); +#endif + static void __init xen_dt_guest_init(void) { struct device_node *xen_node; diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init.c b/arch/x86/mm/init.c index d8cfce2..fe84a3e 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/init.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/init.c @@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ #include #include =20 +#include + #include #include #include @@ -1065,3 +1067,12 @@ unsigned long max_swapfile_size(void) return pages; } #endif + +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_RESTRICTED_VIRTIO_MEMORY_ACCESS +int arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access(void) +{ + return (xen_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access() || + cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_GUEST_MEM_ENCRYPT)); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access); +#endif diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt.c b/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt.c index 50d2099..dda020f 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt.c @@ -77,8 +77,3 @@ void __init mem_encrypt_init(void) print_mem_encrypt_feature_info(); } =20 -int arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access(void) -{ - return cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_GUEST_MEM_ENCRYPT); -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access); diff --git a/drivers/xen/Kconfig b/drivers/xen/Kconfig index 120d32f..b95581f 100644 --- a/drivers/xen/Kconfig +++ b/drivers/xen/Kconfig @@ -335,4 +335,19 @@ config XEN_UNPOPULATED_ALLOC having to balloon out RAM regions in order to obtain physical memory space to create such mappings. =20 +config XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS + bool + select DMA_OPS + +config XEN_VIRTIO + bool "Xen virtio support" + default n + depends on VIRTIO + select ARCH_HAS_RESTRICTED_VIRTIO_MEMORY_ACCESS + select XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS + help + Enable virtio support for running as Xen guest. Depending on the + guest type this will require special support on the backend side + (qemu or kernel, depending on the virtio device types used). + endmenu diff --git a/drivers/xen/Makefile b/drivers/xen/Makefile index 5aae66e..1a23cb0 100644 --- a/drivers/xen/Makefile +++ b/drivers/xen/Makefile @@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ xen-gntalloc-y :=3D gntalloc.o xen-privcmd-y :=3D privcmd.o privcmd-buf.o obj-$(CONFIG_XEN_FRONT_PGDIR_SHBUF) +=3D xen-front-pgdir-shbuf.o obj-$(CONFIG_XEN_UNPOPULATED_ALLOC) +=3D unpopulated-alloc.o +obj-$(CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS) +=3D grant-dma-ops.o diff --git a/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c b/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0e69aa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only +/*************************************************************************= ***** + * Xen grant DMA-mapping layer - contains special DMA-mapping routines + * for providing grant references as DMA addresses to be used by frontends + * (e.g. virtio) in Xen guests + * + * Copyright (c) 2021, Juergen Gross + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +struct xen_grant_dma_data { + /* The ID of backend domain */ + domid_t dev_domid; + /* Is device behaving sane? */ + bool broken; + struct device *dev; + struct list_head list; +}; + +static LIST_HEAD(xen_grant_dma_devices); +static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(xen_grant_dma_lock); + +#define XEN_GRANT_DMA_ADDR_OFF (1ULL << 63) + +static inline dma_addr_t grant_to_dma(grant_ref_t grant) +{ + return XEN_GRANT_DMA_ADDR_OFF | ((dma_addr_t)grant << PAGE_SHIFT); +} + +static inline grant_ref_t dma_to_grant(dma_addr_t dma) +{ + return (grant_ref_t)((dma & ~XEN_GRANT_DMA_ADDR_OFF) >> PAGE_SHIFT); +} + +static struct xen_grant_dma_data *find_xen_grant_dma_data(struct device *d= ev) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data =3D NULL; + bool found =3D false; + + spin_lock(&xen_grant_dma_lock); + + list_for_each_entry(data, &xen_grant_dma_devices, list) { + if (data->dev =3D=3D dev) { + found =3D true; + break; + } + } + + spin_unlock(&xen_grant_dma_lock); + + return found ? data : NULL; +} + +/* + * DMA ops for Xen frontends (e.g. virtio). + * + * Used to act as a kind of software IOMMU for Xen guests by using grants = as + * DMA addresses. + * Such a DMA address is formed by using the grant reference as a frame + * number and setting the highest address bit (this bit is for the backend + * to be able to distinguish it from e.g. a mmio address). + * + * Note that for now we hard wire dom0 to be the backend domain. In order + * to support any domain as backend we'd need to add a way to communicate + * the domid of this backend, e.g. via Xenstore, via the PCI-device's + * config space or DT/ACPI. + */ +static void *xen_grant_dma_alloc(struct device *dev, size_t size, + dma_addr_t *dma_handle, gfp_t gfp, + unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; + unsigned int i, n_pages =3D PFN_UP(size); + unsigned long pfn; + grant_ref_t grant; + void *ret; + + data =3D find_xen_grant_dma_data(dev); + if (!data) + return NULL; + + if (unlikely(data->broken)) + return NULL; + + ret =3D alloc_pages_exact(n_pages * PAGE_SIZE, gfp); + if (!ret) + return NULL; + + pfn =3D virt_to_pfn(ret); + + if (gnttab_alloc_grant_reference_seq(n_pages, &grant)) { + free_pages_exact(ret, n_pages * PAGE_SIZE); + return NULL; + } + + for (i =3D 0; i < n_pages; i++) { + gnttab_grant_foreign_access_ref(grant + i, data->dev_domid, + pfn_to_gfn(pfn + i), 0); + } + + *dma_handle =3D grant_to_dma(grant); + + return ret; +} + +static void xen_grant_dma_free(struct device *dev, size_t size, void *vadd= r, + dma_addr_t dma_handle, unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; + unsigned int i, n_pages =3D PFN_UP(size); + grant_ref_t grant; + + data =3D find_xen_grant_dma_data(dev); + if (!data) + return; + + if (unlikely(data->broken)) + return; + + grant =3D dma_to_grant(dma_handle); + + for (i =3D 0; i < n_pages; i++) { + if (unlikely(!gnttab_end_foreign_access_ref(grant + i))) { + dev_alert(dev, "Grant still in use by backend domain, disabled for furt= her use\n"); + data->broken =3D true; + return; + } + } + + gnttab_free_grant_reference_seq(grant, n_pages); + + free_pages_exact(vaddr, n_pages * PAGE_SIZE); +} + +static struct page *xen_grant_dma_alloc_pages(struct device *dev, size_t s= ize, + dma_addr_t *dma_handle, + enum dma_data_direction dir, + gfp_t gfp) +{ + WARN_ONCE(1, "xen_grant_dma_alloc_pages size %zu\n", size); + return NULL; +} + +static void xen_grant_dma_free_pages(struct device *dev, size_t size, + struct page *vaddr, dma_addr_t dma_handle, + enum dma_data_direction dir) +{ + WARN_ONCE(1, "xen_grant_dma_free_pages size %zu\n", size); +} + +static dma_addr_t xen_grant_dma_map_page(struct device *dev, struct page *= page, + unsigned long offset, size_t size, + enum dma_data_direction dir, + unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; + unsigned int i, n_pages =3D PFN_UP(size); + grant_ref_t grant; + dma_addr_t dma_handle; + + BUG_ON(dir =3D=3D DMA_NONE); + + data =3D find_xen_grant_dma_data(dev); + if (!data) + return DMA_MAPPING_ERROR; + + if (unlikely(data->broken)) + return DMA_MAPPING_ERROR; + + if (gnttab_alloc_grant_reference_seq(n_pages, &grant)) + return DMA_MAPPING_ERROR; + + for (i =3D 0; i < n_pages; i++) { + gnttab_grant_foreign_access_ref(grant + i, data->dev_domid, + xen_page_to_gfn(page) + i, dir =3D=3D DMA_TO_DEVICE); + } + + dma_handle =3D grant_to_dma(grant) + offset; + + return dma_handle; +} + +static void xen_grant_dma_unmap_page(struct device *dev, dma_addr_t dma_ha= ndle, + size_t size, enum dma_data_direction dir, + unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; + unsigned int i, n_pages =3D PFN_UP(size); + grant_ref_t grant; + + BUG_ON(dir =3D=3D DMA_NONE); + + data =3D find_xen_grant_dma_data(dev); + if (!data) + return; + + if (unlikely(data->broken)) + return; + + grant =3D dma_to_grant(dma_handle); + + for (i =3D 0; i < n_pages; i++) { + if (unlikely(!gnttab_end_foreign_access_ref(grant + i))) { + dev_alert(dev, "Grant still in use by backend domain, disabled for furt= her use\n"); + data->broken =3D true; + return; + } + } + + gnttab_free_grant_reference_seq(grant, n_pages); +} + +static void xen_grant_dma_unmap_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist = *sg, + int nents, enum dma_data_direction dir, + unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct scatterlist *s; + unsigned int i; + + BUG_ON(dir =3D=3D DMA_NONE); + + for_each_sg(sg, s, nents, i) + xen_grant_dma_unmap_page(dev, s->dma_address, sg_dma_len(s), dir, + attrs); +} + +static int xen_grant_dma_map_sg(struct device *dev, struct scatterlist *sg, + int nents, enum dma_data_direction dir, + unsigned long attrs) +{ + struct scatterlist *s; + unsigned int i; + + BUG_ON(dir =3D=3D DMA_NONE); + + for_each_sg(sg, s, nents, i) { + s->dma_address =3D xen_grant_dma_map_page(dev, sg_page(s), s->offset, + s->length, dir, attrs); + if (s->dma_address =3D=3D DMA_MAPPING_ERROR) + goto out; + + sg_dma_len(s) =3D s->length; + } + + return nents; + +out: + xen_grant_dma_unmap_sg(dev, sg, i, dir, attrs | DMA_ATTR_SKIP_CPU_SYNC); + sg_dma_len(sg) =3D 0; + + return -EIO; +} + +static int xen_grant_dma_supported(struct device *dev, u64 mask) +{ + return mask =3D=3D DMA_BIT_MASK(64); +} + +static const struct dma_map_ops xen_grant_dma_ops =3D { + .alloc =3D xen_grant_dma_alloc, + .free =3D xen_grant_dma_free, + .alloc_pages =3D xen_grant_dma_alloc_pages, + .free_pages =3D xen_grant_dma_free_pages, + .mmap =3D dma_common_mmap, + .get_sgtable =3D dma_common_get_sgtable, + .map_page =3D xen_grant_dma_map_page, + .unmap_page =3D xen_grant_dma_unmap_page, + .map_sg =3D xen_grant_dma_map_sg, + .unmap_sg =3D xen_grant_dma_unmap_sg, + .dma_supported =3D xen_grant_dma_supported, +}; + +void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) +{ + struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; + uint32_t dev_domid; + + data =3D find_xen_grant_dma_data(dev); + if (data) { + dev_err(dev, "Xen grant DMA data is already created\n"); + return; + } + + /* XXX The dom0 is hardcoded as the backend domain for now */ + dev_domid =3D 0; + + data =3D devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!data) { + dev_err(dev, "=D0=A1annot allocate Xen grant DMA data\n"); + goto err; + } + data->dev_domid =3D dev_domid; + data->dev =3D dev; + + spin_lock(&xen_grant_dma_lock); + list_add(&data->list, &xen_grant_dma_devices); + spin_unlock(&xen_grant_dma_lock); + + dev->dma_ops =3D &xen_grant_dma_ops; + + return; + +err: + dev_err(dev, "=D0=A1annot set up Xen grant DMA ops, retain platform DMA o= ps\n"); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(xen_grant_setup_dma_ops); + +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Xen grant DMA-mapping layer"); +MODULE_AUTHOR("Juergen Gross "); +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); diff --git a/include/xen/xen-ops.h b/include/xen/xen-ops.h index a3584a3..4f9fad5 100644 --- a/include/xen/xen-ops.h +++ b/include/xen/xen-ops.h @@ -221,4 +221,12 @@ static inline void xen_preemptible_hcall_end(void) { } =20 #endif /* CONFIG_XEN_PV && !CONFIG_PREEMPTION */ =20 +#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS +void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev); 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Fri, 22 Apr 2022 09:51:24 -0700 (PDT) From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko To: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org, devicetree@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko , Jason Wang , Rob Herring , Krzysztof Kozlowski , Julien Grall , Juergen Gross , Stefano Stabellini , "Michael S. Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 4/6] dt-bindings: Add xen,dev-domid property description for xen-grant DMA ops Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:51:01 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-5-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646309472100003 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko Introduce Xen specific binding for the virtualized device (e.g. virtio) to be used by Xen grant DMA-mapping layer in the subsequent commit. This binding indicates that Xen grant mappings scheme needs to be enabled for the device which DT node contains that property and specifies the ID of Xen domain where the corresponding backend resides. The ID (domid) is used as an argument to the grant mapping APIs. This is needed for the option to restrict memory access using Xen grant mappings to work which primary goal is to enable using virtio devices in Xen guests. Signed-off-by: Oleksandr Tyshchenko --- Changes RFC -> V1: - update commit subject/description and text in description - move to devicetree/bindings/arm/ --- .../devicetree/bindings/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml | 37 ++++++++++++++++++= ++++ 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml diff --git a/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml b/Doc= umentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef0f747 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-only or BSD-2-Clause) +%YAML 1.2 +--- +$id: http://devicetree.org/schemas/arm/xen,dev-domid.yaml# +$schema: http://devicetree.org/meta-schemas/core.yaml# + +title: Xen specific binding for the virtualized device (e.g. virtio) + +maintainers: + - Oleksandr Tyshchenko + +select: true + +description: + This binding indicates that Xen grant mappings scheme needs to be enabled + for that device and specifies the ID of Xen domain where the correspondi= ng + device (backend) resides. This is needed for the option to restrict memo= ry + access using Xen grant mappings to work. + +properties: + xen,dev-domid: + $ref: /schemas/types.yaml#/definitions/uint32 + description: + The domid (domain ID) of the domain where the device (backend) is ru= nning. + +additionalProperties: true + +examples: + - | + virtio_block@3000 { + compatible =3D "virtio,mmio"; + reg =3D <0x3000 0x100>; + interrupts =3D <41>; + + /* The device is located in Xen domain with ID 1 */ + xen,dev-domid =3D <1>; + }; --=20 2.7.4 From nobody Fri May 17 05:50:12 2024 Delivered-To: importer@patchew.org Received-SPF: pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) client-ip=192.237.175.120; envelope-from=xen-devel-bounces@lists.xenproject.org; helo=lists.xenproject.org; Authentication-Results: mx.zohomail.com; dkim=pass; spf=pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=xen-devel-bounces@lists.xenproject.org; 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Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 5/6] xen/grant-dma-ops: Retrieve the ID of backend's domain for DT devices Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:51:02 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-6-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646309487100004 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko Use the presence of recently introduced "xen,dev-domid" property in the device node as a clear indicator of enabling Xen grant mappings scheme for that device and read the ID of Xen domain where the corresponding backend resides. The ID (domid) is used as an argument to the Xen grant mapping APIs. Also introduce xen_is_grant_dma_device() to check whether xen-grant DMA ops need to be set for a passed device. Remove the hardcoded domid 0 in xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(). Signed-off-by: Oleksandr Tyshchenko --- Changes RFC -> V1: - new patch, split required changes from commit: "[PATCH 4/6] virtio: Various updates to xen-virtio DMA ops layer" - update checks in xen_virtio_setup_dma_ops() to only support DT devices for now - remove the "virtio,mmio" check from xen_is_virtio_device() - remane everything according to the new naming scheme: s/virtio/grant_dma --- drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c | 25 ++++++++++++++++++------- include/xen/xen-ops.h | 5 +++++ 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c b/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c index 0e69aa8..70d5d77 100644 --- a/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c +++ b/drivers/xen/grant-dma-ops.c @@ -66,11 +66,6 @@ static struct xen_grant_dma_data *find_xen_grant_dma_dat= a(struct device *dev) * Such a DMA address is formed by using the grant reference as a frame * number and setting the highest address bit (this bit is for the backend * to be able to distinguish it from e.g. a mmio address). - * - * Note that for now we hard wire dom0 to be the backend domain. In order - * to support any domain as backend we'd need to add a way to communicate - * the domid of this backend, e.g. via Xenstore, via the PCI-device's - * config space or DT/ACPI. */ static void *xen_grant_dma_alloc(struct device *dev, size_t size, dma_addr_t *dma_handle, gfp_t gfp, @@ -277,6 +272,16 @@ static const struct dma_map_ops xen_grant_dma_ops =3D { .dma_supported =3D xen_grant_dma_supported, }; =20 +bool xen_is_grant_dma_device(struct device *dev) +{ + /* XXX Handle only DT devices for now */ + if (!dev->of_node) + return false; + + return of_property_read_bool(dev->of_node, "xen,dev-domid"); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(xen_is_grant_dma_device); + void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) { struct xen_grant_dma_data *data; @@ -288,8 +293,14 @@ void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) return; } =20 - /* XXX The dom0 is hardcoded as the backend domain for now */ - dev_domid =3D 0; + /* XXX ACPI and PCI devices unsupported for now */ + if (dev_is_pci(dev) || !dev->of_node) + goto err; + + if (of_property_read_u32(dev->of_node, "xen,dev-domid", &dev_domid)) { + dev_err(dev, "xen,dev-domid property is not present\n"); + goto err; + } =20 data =3D devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL); if (!data) { diff --git a/include/xen/xen-ops.h b/include/xen/xen-ops.h index 4f9fad5..62be9dc 100644 --- a/include/xen/xen-ops.h +++ b/include/xen/xen-ops.h @@ -223,10 +223,15 @@ static inline void xen_preemptible_hcall_end(void) { } =20 #ifdef CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev); +bool xen_is_grant_dma_device(struct device *dev); #else static inline void xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) { } +static inline bool xen_is_grant_dma_device(struct device *dev) +{ + return false; +} #endif /* CONFIG_XEN_GRANT_DMA_OPS */ =20 #endif /* INCLUDE_XEN_OPS_H */ --=20 2.7.4 From nobody Fri May 17 05:50:12 2024 Delivered-To: importer@patchew.org Received-SPF: pass (zohomail.com: domain of lists.xenproject.org designates 192.237.175.120 as permitted sender) client-ip=192.237.175.120; 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Fri, 22 Apr 2022 09:51:26 -0700 (PDT) From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko To: xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko , Boris Ostrovsky , Juergen Gross , Stefano Stabellini , Julien Grall , "Michael S. Tsirkin" , Christoph Hellwig Subject: [PATCH V1 6/6] arm/xen: Assign xen-grant DMA ops for xen-grant DMA devices Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 19:51:03 +0300 Message-Id: <1650646263-22047-7-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> References: <1650646263-22047-1-git-send-email-olekstysh@gmail.com> X-ZohoMail-DKIM: pass (identity @gmail.com) X-ZM-MESSAGEID: 1650646309459100001 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko As the main (and single at the moment) purpose of xen-grant DMA devices is to enable using virtio devices in Xen guests in a safe manner, assign xen-grant DMA ops only if restricted access to the guest memory is enabled. Signed-off-by: Oleksandr Tyshchenko Reviewed-by: Stefano Stabellini --- Changes RFC -> V1: - update commit subject/description - remove #ifdef CONFIG_XEN_VIRTIO - re-organize the check taking into the account that swiotlb and virtio cases are mutually exclusive - update according to the new naming scheme: s/virtio/grant_dma --- include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h b/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h index 288deb1..26954e5 100644 --- a/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h +++ b/include/xen/arm/xen-ops.h @@ -2,12 +2,17 @@ #ifndef _ASM_ARM_XEN_OPS_H #define _ASM_ARM_XEN_OPS_H =20 +#include #include +#include =20 static inline void xen_setup_dma_ops(struct device *dev) { #ifdef CONFIG_XEN - if (xen_swiotlb_detect()) + if (arch_has_restricted_virtio_memory_access() && + xen_is_grant_dma_device(dev)) + xen_grant_setup_dma_ops(dev); + else if (xen_swiotlb_detect()) dev->dma_ops =3D &xen_swiotlb_dma_ops; #endif } --=20 2.7.4