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From: Rowan Hart <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org
Cc: Richard Henderson <richard.henderson@linaro.org>,
Eduardo Habkost <eduardo@habkost.net>,
=?UTF-8?q?Alex=20Benn=C3=A9e?= <alex.bennee@linaro.org>,
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novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
Subject: [PATCH v2 1/3] Expose gdb_write_register function to consumers of
gdbstub
Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2024 02:26:02 -0800
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From: novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Benn=C3=A9e <alex.bennee@linaro.org>
---
gdbstub/gdbstub.c | 2 +-
include/exec/gdbstub.h | 14 ++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/gdbstub/gdbstub.c b/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
index b1def7e71d..7d87a3324c 100644
--- a/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
+++ b/gdbstub/gdbstub.c
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ int gdb_read_register(CPUState *cpu, GByteArray *buf, i=
nt reg)
return 0;
}
=20
-static int gdb_write_register(CPUState *cpu, uint8_t *mem_buf, int reg)
+int gdb_write_register(CPUState *cpu, uint8_t *mem_buf, int reg)
{
CPUClass *cc =3D CPU_GET_CLASS(cpu);
GDBRegisterState *r;
diff --git a/include/exec/gdbstub.h b/include/exec/gdbstub.h
index d73f424f56..584ed73fc9 100644
--- a/include/exec/gdbstub.h
+++ b/include/exec/gdbstub.h
@@ -118,6 +118,20 @@ const GDBFeature *gdb_find_static_feature(const char *=
xmlname);
*/
int gdb_read_register(CPUState *cpu, GByteArray *buf, int reg);
=20
+/**
+ * gdb_write_register() - Write a register associated with a CPU.
+ * @cpu: The CPU associated with the register.
+ * @buf: The buffer that the register contents will be set to.
+ * @reg: The register's number returned by gdb_find_feature_register().
+ *
+ * The size of @buf must be at least the size of the register being
+ * written.
+ *
+ * Return: The number of written bytes, or 0 if an error occurred (for
+ * example, an unknown register was provided).
+ */
+int gdb_write_register(CPUState *cpu, uint8_t *mem_buf, int reg);
+
/**
* typedef GDBRegDesc - a register description from gdbstub
*/
--=20
2.46.1
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From: Rowan Hart <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org
Cc: Richard Henderson <richard.henderson@linaro.org>,
Eduardo Habkost <eduardo@habkost.net>,
=?UTF-8?q?Alex=20Benn=C3=A9e?= <alex.bennee@linaro.org>,
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Pierrick Bouvier <pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>,
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Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>,
=?UTF-8?q?Philippe=20Mathieu-Daud=C3=A9?= <philmd@linaro.org>,
novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
Subject: [PATCH v2 2/3] Add plugin API functions for register R/W, hwaddr R/W,
vaddr W
Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2024 02:26:03 -0800
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From: novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
---
include/qemu/qemu-plugin.h | 116 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
plugins/api.c | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++-
2 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/qemu/qemu-plugin.h b/include/qemu/qemu-plugin.h
index 0fba36ae02..b812593e7f 100644
--- a/include/qemu/qemu-plugin.h
+++ b/include/qemu/qemu-plugin.h
@@ -65,11 +65,18 @@ typedef uint64_t qemu_plugin_id_t;
*
* version 4:
* - added qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr
+ *
+ * version 5:
+ * - added qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr
+ * - added qemu_plugin_read_memory_hwaddr
+ * - added qemu_plugin_write_memory_hwaddr
+ * - added qemu_plugin_write_register
+ *
*/
=20
extern QEMU_PLUGIN_EXPORT int qemu_plugin_version;
=20
-#define QEMU_PLUGIN_VERSION 4
+#define QEMU_PLUGIN_VERSION 5
=20
/**
* struct qemu_info_t - system information for plugins
@@ -255,8 +262,6 @@ typedef struct {
* @QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_R_REGS: callback reads the CPU's regs
* @QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_RW_REGS: callback reads and writes the CPU's regs
*
- * Note: currently QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_RW_REGS is unused, plugins cannot change
- * system register state.
*/
enum qemu_plugin_cb_flags {
QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_NO_REGS,
@@ -893,6 +898,41 @@ typedef struct {
QEMU_PLUGIN_API
GArray *qemu_plugin_get_registers(void);
=20
+/**
+ * qemu_plugin_read_register() - read register for current vCPU
+ *
+ * @handle: a @qemu_plugin_reg_handle handle
+ * @buf: A GByteArray for the data owned by the plugin
+ *
+ * This function is only available in a context that register read access =
is
+ * explicitly requested via the QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_R_REGS flag.
+ *
+ * Returns the size of the read register. The content of @buf is in target=
byte
+ * order. On failure returns -1.
+ */
+QEMU_PLUGIN_API
+int qemu_plugin_read_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *handle,
+ GByteArray *buf);
+
+/**
+ * qemu_plugin_write_register() - write register for current vCPU
+ *
+ * @handle: a @qemu_plugin_reg_handle handle
+ * @buf: A GByteArray for the data owned by the plugin
+ *
+ * This function is only available in a context that register write access=
is
+ * explicitly requested via the QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_W_REGS flag.
+ *
+ * The size of @buf must be at least the size of the requested register.
+ * Attempting to write a register with @buf smaller than the register size
+ * will result in a crash or other undesired behavior.
+ *
+ * Returns the number of bytes written. On failure returns 0.
+ */
+QEMU_PLUGIN_API
+int qemu_plugin_write_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *handle,
+ GByteArray *buf);
+
/**
* qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr() - read from memory using a virtual addr=
ess
*
@@ -916,20 +956,72 @@ bool qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr(uint64_t addr,
GByteArray *data, size_t len);
=20
/**
- * qemu_plugin_read_register() - read register for current vCPU
+ * qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr() - write to memory using a virtual addr=
ess
*
- * @handle: a @qemu_plugin_reg_handle handle
- * @buf: A GByteArray for the data owned by the plugin
+ * @addr: A virtual address to write to=20
+ * @data: A byte array containing the data to write
*
- * This function is only available in a context that register read access =
is
- * explicitly requested via the QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_R_REGS flag.
+ * The contents of @data will be written to memory starting at the virtual
+ * address @addr.
*
- * Returns the size of the read register. The content of @buf is in target=
byte
- * order. On failure returns -1.
+ * This function does not guarantee consistency of writes, nor does it ens=
ure
+ * that pending writes are flushed either before or after the write takes
+ * place, so callers should take care when calling this function in plugin
+ * callbacks to avoid depending on the existence of data written using this
+ * function which may be overwritten afterward.
+ *
+ * Returns true on success and false on failure.
*/
QEMU_PLUGIN_API
-int qemu_plugin_read_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *handle,
- GByteArray *buf);
+bool qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr(uint64_t addr,
+ GByteArray *data);
+
+/**
+ * qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr() - read from memory using a hardware add=
ress
+ *
+ * @addr: A virtual address to read from
+ * @data: A byte array to store data into
+ * @len: The number of bytes to read, starting from @addr
+ *
+ * @len bytes of data is read starting at @addr and stored into @data. If =
@data
+ * is not large enough to hold @len bytes, it will be expanded to the nece=
ssary
+ * size, reallocating if necessary. @len must be greater than 0.
+ *
+ * This function does not ensure writes are flushed prior to reading, so
+ * callers should take care when calling this function in plugin callbacks=
to
+ * avoid attempting to read data which may not yet be written and should u=
se
+ * the memory callback API instead.
+ *
+ * This function is only valid for softmmu targets.
+ *
+ * Returns true on success and false on failure.
+ */
+QEMU_PLUGIN_API
+bool qemu_plugin_read_memory_hwaddr(uint64_t addr,
+ GByteArray *data, size_t len);
+
+/**
+ * qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr() - write to memory using a hardware add=
ress
+ *
+ * @addr: A virtual address to write to=20
+ * @data: A byte array containing the data to write
+ *
+ * The contents of @data will be written to memory starting at the hardware
+ * address @addr.
+ *
+ * This function does not guarantee consistency of writes, nor does it ens=
ure
+ * that pending writes are flushed either before or after the write takes
+ * place, so callers should take care when calling this function in plugin
+ * callbacks to avoid depending on the existence of data written using this
+ * function which may be overwritten afterward.
+ *
+ * This function is only valid for softmmu targets.
+ *
+ * Returns true on success and false on failure.
+ */
+QEMU_PLUGIN_API
+bool qemu_plugin_write_memory_hwaddr(uint64_t addr,
+ GByteArray *data);
=20
/**
* qemu_plugin_scoreboard_new() - alloc a new scoreboard
diff --git a/plugins/api.c b/plugins/api.c
index 24ea64e2de..4a84cf4dfe 100644
--- a/plugins/api.c
+++ b/plugins/api.c
@@ -560,6 +560,24 @@ GArray *qemu_plugin_get_registers(void)
return create_register_handles(regs);
}
=20
+int qemu_plugin_read_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *reg, GByteArray=
*buf)
+{
+ g_assert(current_cpu);
+
+ return gdb_read_register(current_cpu, buf, GPOINTER_TO_INT(reg) - 1);
+}
+
+int qemu_plugin_write_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *reg, GByteArra=
y *buf)
+{
+ g_assert(current_cpu);
+
+ if (buf->len =3D=3D 0) {
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ return gdb_write_register(current_cpu, buf->data, GPOINTER_TO_INT(reg)=
- 1);
+}
+
bool qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr(vaddr addr, GByteArray *data, size_t le=
n)
{
g_assert(current_cpu);
@@ -580,13 +598,57 @@ bool qemu_plugin_read_memory_vaddr(vaddr addr, GByteA=
rray *data, size_t len)
return true;
}
=20
-int qemu_plugin_read_register(struct qemu_plugin_register *reg, GByteArray=
*buf)
+bool qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr(vaddr addr, GByteArray *data)
{
g_assert(current_cpu);
=20
- return gdb_read_register(current_cpu, buf, GPOINTER_TO_INT(reg) - 1);
+ if (data->len =3D=3D 0) {
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ int result =3D cpu_memory_rw_debug(current_cpu, addr, data->data,
+ data->len, true);
+
+ if (result < 0) {
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ return true;
+}
+
+bool qemu_plugin_read_memory_hwaddr(hwaddr addr, GByteArray *data, size_t =
len)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_SOFTMMU
+ if (len =3D=3D 0) {
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ g_byte_array_set_size(data, len);
+
+ cpu_physical_memory_rw(addr, data->data, data->len, false);
+
+ return true;
+#else
+ return false;
+#endif
}
=20
+bool qemu_plugin_write_memory_hwaddr(hwaddr addr, GByteArray *data)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_SOFTMMU
+ if (data->len =3D=3D 0) {
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ cpu_physical_memory_rw(addr, data->data, data->len, true);
+
+ return true;
+#else
+ return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+
struct qemu_plugin_scoreboard *qemu_plugin_scoreboard_new(size_t element_s=
ize)
{
return plugin_scoreboard_new(element_size);
--=20
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From: Rowan Hart <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org
Cc: Richard Henderson <richard.henderson@linaro.org>,
Eduardo Habkost <eduardo@habkost.net>,
=?UTF-8?q?Alex=20Benn=C3=A9e?= <alex.bennee@linaro.org>,
Alexandre Iooss <erdnaxe@crans.org>,
Pierrick Bouvier <pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>,
Mahmoud Mandour <ma.mandourr@gmail.com>,
Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>,
=?UTF-8?q?Philippe=20Mathieu-Daud=C3=A9?= <philmd@linaro.org>,
novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
Subject: [PATCH v2 3/3] Add inject plugin and x86_64 target for the inject
plugin
Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2024 02:26:04 -0800
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From: novafacing <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
---
tests/tcg/plugins/inject.c | 206 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
tests/tcg/plugins/meson.build | 2 +-
tests/tcg/x86_64/Makefile.target | 1 +
tests/tcg/x86_64/inject-target.c | 27 ++++
4 files changed, 235 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
create mode 100644 tests/tcg/plugins/inject.c
create mode 100644 tests/tcg/x86_64/inject-target.c
diff --git a/tests/tcg/plugins/inject.c b/tests/tcg/plugins/inject.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9edc2cd34e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tcg/plugins/inject.c
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024, Rowan Hart <rowanbhart@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * License: GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+#include "glib.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <qemu-plugin.h>
+
+/*
+ * Specifies a Hypercall for an architecture:
+ *
+ * - Architecture name
+ * - Whether it is enabled
+ * - The hypercall instruction
+ * - The register names to pass the hypercall # and args
+ */
+struct HypercallSpec {
+ const char *name;
+ const bool enabled;
+ const char *hypercall;
+ const bool little_endian;
+ const char *num_reg;
+ const char *arg0_reg;
+ const char *arg1_reg;
+};
+
+static const struct HypercallSpec *hypercall_spec;
+
+static const struct HypercallSpec hypercall_specs[] =3D {
+ { "aarch64", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "aarch64_be", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "alpha", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "arm", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "armeb", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "avr", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "hexagon", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "hppa", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "i386", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "loongarch64", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "m68k", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "microblaze", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "microblazeel", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mips", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mips64", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mips64el", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mipsel", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mipsn32", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "mipsn32el", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "or1k", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "ppc", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "ppc64", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "ppc64le", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "riscv32", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "riscv64", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "rx", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "s390x", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "sh4", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "sh4eb", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "sparc", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "sparc32plus", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "sparc64", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "tricore", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "x86_64", true, "\x0f\xa2", true, "rax", "rdi", "rsi" },
+ { "xtensa", false, NULL, true, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { "xtensaeb", false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+ { NULL, false, NULL, false, 0, 0, 0 },
+};
+
+QEMU_PLUGIN_EXPORT int qemu_plugin_version =3D QEMU_PLUGIN_VERSION;
+
+/*
+ * Returns a handle to a register with a given name, or NULL if there is no
+ * such register.
+ */
+static struct qemu_plugin_register *get_register(const char *name)
+{
+ GArray *registers =3D qemu_plugin_get_registers();
+
+ struct qemu_plugin_register *handle =3D NULL;
+
+ qemu_plugin_reg_descriptor *reg_descriptors =3D
+ (qemu_plugin_reg_descriptor *)registers->data;
+
+ for (size_t i =3D 0; i < registers->len; i++) {
+ if (!strcmp(reg_descriptors[i].name, name)) {
+ handle =3D reg_descriptors[i].handle;
+ }
+ }
+
+ g_array_free(registers, true);
+
+ return handle;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Transforms a byte array with at most 8 entries into a uint64_t
+ * depending on the target machine's endianness.
+ */
+static uint64_t byte_array_to_uint64(GByteArray *buf)
+{
+ uint64_t value =3D 0;
+ if (hypercall_spec->little_endian) {
+ for (int i =3D 0; i < buf->len && i < sizeof(uint64_t); i++) {
+ value |=3D ((uint64_t)buf->data[i]) << (i * 8);
+ }
+ } else {
+ for (int i =3D 0; i < buf->len && i < sizeof(uint64_t); i++) {
+ value |=3D ((uint64_t)buf->data[i]) << ((buf->len - 1 - i) * 8=
);
+ }
+ }
+ return value;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Handle a "hyperacll" instruction, which has some special meaning for th=
is
+ * plugin.
+ */
+static void hypercall(unsigned int vcpu_index, void *userdata)
+{
+ uint64_t num =3D 0, arg0 =3D 0, arg1 =3D 0;
+ GByteArray *buf =3D g_byte_array_new();
+ qemu_plugin_read_register(get_register(hypercall_spec->num_reg), buf);
+ num =3D byte_array_to_uint64(buf);
+
+ g_byte_array_set_size(buf, 0);
+ qemu_plugin_read_register(get_register(hypercall_spec->arg0_reg), buf);
+ arg0 =3D byte_array_to_uint64(buf);
+
+ g_byte_array_set_size(buf, 0);
+ qemu_plugin_read_register(get_register(hypercall_spec->arg1_reg), buf);
+ arg1 =3D byte_array_to_uint64(buf);
+
+ switch (num) {
+ /*
+ * The write hypercall (#0x13371337) tells the plugin to write random =
bytes
+ * of a given size into the memory of the emulated system at a particu=
lar
+ * vaddr
+ */
+ case 0x13371337: {
+ GByteArray *data =3D g_byte_array_new();
+ g_byte_array_set_size(data, arg1);
+ for (uint64_t i =3D 0; i < arg1; i++) {
+ data->data[i] =3D (uint8_t)g_random_int();
+ }
+ qemu_plugin_write_memory_vaddr(arg0, data);
+ break;
+ }
+ default:
+ break;
+ }
+
+ g_byte_array_free(buf, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Callback on translation of a translation block.
+ */
+static void vcpu_tb_trans(qemu_plugin_id_t id, struct qemu_plugin_tb *tb)
+{
+ for (size_t i =3D 0; i < qemu_plugin_tb_n_insns(tb); i++) {
+ struct qemu_plugin_insn *insn =3D qemu_plugin_tb_get_insn(tb, i);
+ GByteArray *insn_data =3D g_byte_array_new();
+ size_t insn_len =3D qemu_plugin_insn_size(insn);
+ g_byte_array_set_size(insn_data, insn_len);
+ qemu_plugin_insn_data(insn, insn_data->data, insn_data->len);
+ if (!memcmp(insn_data->data, hypercall_spec->hypercall, insn_data-=
>len)) {
+ qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_insn_exec_cb(insn, hypercall,
+ QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_R_REGS, =
NULL);
+ }
+ g_byte_array_free(insn_data, true);
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Called when the plugin is installed
+ */
+QEMU_PLUGIN_EXPORT int qemu_plugin_install(qemu_plugin_id_t id,
+ const qemu_info_t *info, int ar=
gc,
+ char **argv)
+{
+ hypercall_spec =3D &hypercall_specs[0];
+ while (hypercall_spec->name !=3D NULL) {
+ if (!strcmp(hypercall_spec->name, info->target_name)) {
+ break;
+ }
+ hypercall_spec++;
+ }
+
+ if (hypercall_spec->name =3D=3D NULL) {
+ qemu_plugin_outs("Error: no hypercall spec.");
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_tb_trans_cb(id, vcpu_tb_trans);
+
+ return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/tcg/plugins/meson.build b/tests/tcg/plugins/meson.build
index f847849b1b..96782416d3 100644
--- a/tests/tcg/plugins/meson.build
+++ b/tests/tcg/plugins/meson.build
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
t =3D []
if get_option('plugins')
- foreach i : ['bb', 'empty', 'inline', 'insn', 'mem', 'syscall']
+ foreach i : ['bb', 'empty', 'inline', 'insn', 'mem', 'syscall', 'inject']
if host_os =3D=3D 'windows'
t +=3D shared_module(i, files(i + '.c') + '../../../contrib/plugins/=
win32_linker.c',
include_directories: '../../../include/qemu',
diff --git a/tests/tcg/x86_64/Makefile.target b/tests/tcg/x86_64/Makefile.t=
arget
index d6dff559c7..7c8e21636d 100644
--- a/tests/tcg/x86_64/Makefile.target
+++ b/tests/tcg/x86_64/Makefile.target
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ X86_64_TESTS +=3D adox
X86_64_TESTS +=3D test-1648
X86_64_TESTS +=3D test-2175
X86_64_TESTS +=3D cross-modifying-code
+X86_64_TESTS +=3D inject-target
TESTS=3D$(MULTIARCH_TESTS) $(X86_64_TESTS) test-x86_64
else
TESTS=3D$(MULTIARCH_TESTS)
diff --git a/tests/tcg/x86_64/inject-target.c b/tests/tcg/x86_64/inject-tar=
get.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c886e5ab8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tcg/x86_64/inject-target.c
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define hypercall(num, arg0, arg1) \
+ unsigned int _a __attribute__((unused)) =3D 0; \
+ unsigned int _b __attribute__((unused)) =3D 0; \
+ unsigned int _c __attribute__((unused)) =3D 0; \
+ unsigned int _d __attribute__((unused)) =3D 0; \
+ __asm__ __volatile__("cpuid\n\t" \
+ : "=3Da"(_a), "=3Db"(_b), "=3Dc"(_c), "=3Dd"(_d) \
+ : "a"(num), "D"(arg0), "S"(arg1));
+
+int main(void)
+{
+ uint16_t value;
+
+ for (size_t i =3D 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
+ hypercall(0x13371337, &value, sizeof(value));
+ if (value =3D=3D 0x1337) {
+ printf("Victory!\n");
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
--=20
2.46.1